Theme In The Gift Of The Magi English Literature Essay

Theme In The Gift Of The Magi English Literature Es gradeThe baloney The Gift of the Magi which is written by O. Henry follows a young married couple who feed their most prized possessions to profane a Christmas gift for one another. Though the story tells the tale of two people, a large portion of the story involves sideline Della on her quest to find a gift for Jim. The worry and unease that Della introduces toward buying a gift is not caused by wanting to show love to her husband but alarm of rejection. Della fears that by breaking customs she will also break Jims heart, severing his love for her.Jim and Dellas main date is money. While Jim is introduced to the story early on and does not make an visual aspect until later it can be implied that his external involvement is money. Jim now faces the inseparable conflict of thinking of how he can support his family on his cut back income. As a man who has the task of supporting his family he experiences a guilt for not being able to provide his harming married woman with the luxuries she so deserves. Della must face the fact that even though she has saved, her penny pinching was simply not enough for the amount she needed. Della then faces inside conflict as she tries to come up with appearances to get more money. The money that presents an external conflict has Della retreat inside of her mind to face her internal conflict. Her first eyeshot to get money by cutting her blur was a reference to not only customs duty but of womanish roles. Della rapidly pulls down her hair(160) so when she visits Madame Sofronie to have it cut it is not questioned, because women do commits for their husbands and it was accepted. Della offering her most precious possession sees it as the only way she can say to her husband that she is truly grateful.Della runs and ransacks stores looking for the gift that she cute for her husband. Her ransacking of the stores symbolizes and can be compared to Jim who, can be safely said, foray his brain on what the following(a) option he was to take aft(prenominal) the pay cut. She eventually is able to find a gift and hurries home. The next scene when Della arrives home and takes the moment to fix her hair up beforehand her husband arrives home symbolizes her ability to imitate her husband and turn a bad situation into a good situation. This is most relevant to say that Della and her husband are equally matched in how they make decisions and in explaining in how both could give up their most precious possessions in thought of one another.Thinking of the other person is what causes the story to reveal situational caustic remark in its ending. Della and Jim Dillingham have met the result of the actions and that is Della has cut and sold her hair to hold a gift of hair clips and Jim has sold his watch to receive a watch chain. The fact that Jim has sold the watch which has been in his family for years and chose to capitulate the tradition of pa ssing along the watch is ironic. Jim has broken one tradition to enter into another one, the tradition of making hard sacrifices for those you love. Della who is unaware of the sacrifice that was made on her behalf is also unaware that the tradition that she wanted to turn away breaking was broken by her husband. Della confirms that the tradition of exchanging gifts is broken when her husband says lets put our Christmas presents away and keep them awhile (162), but is reassured that tradition is dummy up present when they spend Christmas enjoying each others company.O. Henrys Gift of the Magi was a story not only abtaboo the sacrifices made in love but the fear of breaking tradition. Della Dillingham sacrificed her hair to buy a gift of appreciation for the loving husband who provided for her. James Dillingham sacrificed tradition when he sold his watch to buy a present for his beloved wife only to return to tradition by making such a sacrifice fueled by the love he had for her. T he story of the Dillinghams ended ironically when their gifts canceled each others out but the gift of love that was shown by embracing the tradition that comes with accredited Christmas spirit will last a lifetime.

Curriculum Steiner Montessori

course of instruction Steiner MontessoriIntroductionAs with approximately things in education, there is no agreed definition of curriculum. The delegacy we understand and theorise it has altered over the days. A useful beginning plosive consonant for us here might be the definition offered by John Kerr and taken up by Vic Kelly in his standard take shape on the subject. Kerr (Kelly 1999, p.10) defines curriculum as All the schooling which is jutned and guide by school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or away(p) school.There be many theorists who film studied squirt reading and founder designed curriculums from their own theories which they think leave behind offer the best education environs. This report bequeath only im eld three of various current curricula but offers an insight of how there is no real right or wrong way of how a barbarian meditates.The report will take a look at the Steiner order acting, the Montessori mode, and finally it will discuss the uplifted r distributivelying method acting, a more(prenominal) recently developed method. It will in any case will examples on how some of the ideas of these methods atomic number 18 being interconnected into another(prenominal) kid c atomic number 18 seetings and curriculums.The Steiner MethodThere is over eight hundred Steiner schools world wide. The Steiner method is based on the philosophies of Rudolf Steiner and the education emphasises personal responsibility and social awargonness. The primordial aim of the education is to equip young people emotionally, spiritually and intellectually, non only to meet the future but to frolic an important trigger off in shaping it.According to Steiners philosophy, man is a ternary being of spirit, soul, and body whose capacities unfold in three developmental stages on the path to handsomehood early babyhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Steiner education differs from the mainstream in a nu mber of ways.In a Steiner school there is no Hierarchy, teachers and parents treat along together. Children do non start formal education until they are six or seven years old and they accordingly sting with the same teacher for seven years. The teacher works with the students parents, often visiting the family home to allow parental involvement. Classrooms are fill up with inherent and organic corporals.In a Steiner nursery, children typically play with naive unfinished, wooden toys rather than bright plastic mavens, to allow their visual sensations to develop. A Steiner schoolroom would squander few books and few com puters. The Steiner philosophy dictates that screen images hinder the development of thought and imagination. Colour is important to Steiners educational philosophy for helping childrens imagination to thrive so pupils are instructed carefully as to how to proceed with the colour spectrum (Lewis 2001).The ample difference between the Steiner method and other methods is that learning is contained by the teacher rather than the child. There is a huge emphasis on creativity and teachers will show children how and what materials they use. Teachers stress tangible development through a ritualised dance form called eurhythmy. other primary principle of the Steiner method is children do not start reading until their pornographic teeth have erupted, usually around age seven, which, according to Steiner, shows the childs readiness to start formal education. Delayed reading is oneness(a) of the most controversial issues surrounding Steiner education, and there is concern from some educators that children may miss out on their literacy and reading windows (Mogensen 2004).The Steiner method is one that is hugely different to other methods used in harborries and schools therefore it is some successions punishing to reassure quasi(prenominal)ities in other educational institutions. However you burn rule similar theories in the Mon tessori Method. The use of natural materials and the calm setting is one of the main principles that link the two methods. I have seen this in coif at a Montessori primary school. The school was real quiet, and lots of toys and learning materials were made of wood and other natural materials.The school also adopt some of the creative ideas that Steiner follow. They let the children make their own story books instead of reading published books with ready-made images, which encourages the child to use their imagination more widely. I think this is a great idea, as children are not tainted by a particular image of a person, animal, bearing or environment. tympanum Nursery, who follow a 3-5 curriculum, hold regular meetings with parents to swear them of their childs development, and they also give parents opportunities to observe their child in the nursery. This promotes parental involvement, which is another of Steiners main principles.The Montessori MethodThe Montessori Method is an educational method for children, based on theories of child development originated by an Italian educator, female horse Montessori. The method accommodates all ages of children but it is applied primarily in preschool and elementary schools. It is an alternative type of method that harnesses the childs natural ability to learn and is built upon the idea that children develop and think other than than adults.The Montessori Method supports all aspects of the Childs personal and social development. From the moment the child enters the classroom, each step in his education is seen as a progressive grammatical construction block, ultimately forming the whole person, in the emergence from childhood to adulthood. All tension is on the directs of the child (Hainstock 1997, p.xiii).One distinguishing feature of the Montessori at the preschool age is that children direct their own learning, choosing among the sections of a well structured and stocked classroom including practical li fe, sensorial, Language, Math, Geography, Science and Art. The Practical Life area is especially for the very young child and teaches them how to care for themselves and their environment.Here, a child will learn to dress themselves, to pour, to wash a table, and to properly wash their hands, among other things. The sensorial area allows them to use their senses to learn about the world. Here, a child will learn to judge different heights, lengths, weights, colors, sounds, smells, shapes, and textures. The language, math, geography and science areas show a child with aids for their intellectual development. Exercises in body movement advocate their physical development and their awareness of their body and what it can do. Many Montessori schools take such areas as music, art, dancing, sewing, wood-working and foreign languages to further enrich a childs total development (Montessori 1912).In a Montessori school, a child teaches himself through their use of the specially designed Montessori materials. These are attractive, generally simple, child-sized materials that are self-correcting, that is, if a child makes an error, they can see it by looking at the material itself in this way no adult is needed to point out their mistake and perhaps injure their self-esteem. The child learns to work solely and with others in a Montessori school.A child learns to follow the class found rules and may often remind other children to follow them as well. Because they can choose their own work and do it at their own pace, a child has many opportunities for success the Montessori classroom is non-competitive. They will also have access to plants and animals and will help care for them. The Montessori classroom is an attractive prescribe in which a child can be clean-handed from adult domination and can discover their world and build their mind and body.The Montessori Method is unique. It is based on a sensible balance between granting immunity and structure specificall y designed for the young child. It provides a pleasant environment with carefully devised materials that meet the childs natural needs. It provides the overall counseling of a thoroughly trained teacher. The role of the teacher is to introduce children to materials and rest a silent presence (Montessori 1912, p.371) in the classroom. Montessori gives a child a strong basis, in their most formative years, for developing into a well-rounded, responsible, halcyon and fulfilled adult.From my experience in Kettle nursery, I can see how the curriculum incorporates some of the ideas that the Montessori Method follows. For instance, the children are fully encouraged to do things for themselves, and lead their own play and learning. The adult is to only serve as an assistant by supporting and extending their learning through play.They are also encouraged to blanched up after themselves washing up their bit dishes, cleaning the tables and tidying away materials once they have finished us ing them this is a very similar idea to the Montessoris practical life idea. Another body process that allows children to experience practical life is when as soon as they enter the nursery they are expected to remove their outdoor(a) garment and shoes themselves, and at the end of the solar day they are expected to put it back on themselves.The game orbit MethodThe proud stretch curriculum was developed in the United States of America in the 1960s. It is one of the most common methods used there and in some other countries. The idea behind High Scope is that children should be involved actively in their own learning. The adults working with the children should see themselves more as facilitators than supervisors.The High Scope method is an active learning approach. This means students have direct hands on experience with people, objects, events and ideas. Childrens interests and choices are at the smell of High Scope based programs. They construct their own humpledge thro ugh interactions with the world and the people around them.Children take the first step in the learning process by making choices and following through on their plans and decisions. Teachers and parents offer physical, emotional and intellectual support. In active learning settings adults spread out childrens thinking with diverse materials and nurturing interactions.High Scope has unique features that specify it from other early childhood programs. One is the daily plan-do-review sequence. Research shows that preparedness and reviewing are the two components of the program day most positively and importantly associated with childrens scores on measurements of developmental progress.This three-part sequence is unique to the High/Scope approach. It includes a short small group discussion during which children plan what they want to do during work time (the area to visit, materials to use and friends to play with). They are then given to time to carry out their plans and then they meet up again for another group discussion for reviewing what they have done and what they have learned. In between do and review children clean up by putting away their materials or storing unfinished projects. Children are very active and purposeful during do time because they are act activities that interest them. They may follow their initial plans but often as they become engaged their plans shift or may even pitch completely (High Scope Educational Research Foundation 2007).The High Scope method also operates group time. Small group time is a chance for the children to meet with an adult to experiment with materials and solve problems. Although adults choose the legal action to emphasise a key experience, children are forgo to use the material in any way they want during this time. Large group time is the time where children and adults come together for movement and music activities storytelling and other activities. Children have many choices and play the role of leader.I n High Scope programs adults are as active in the learning process as children. A mutual give and take relationship exists in which both groups move into as leaders and followers, speakers and listeners. Adults interact with children by sharing control with them snap on their strengths, forming genuine relationships with them, supporting their play ideas, and helping them resolve conflicts. Adults participate as partners in childrens activities rather than supervisors. They respect children and their choices and encourage initiative, independence, and creativity. Because adults are well trained in child development, they provide materials and plan experiences that children need to grow and learn.Children and adults spend at least half an hour outside every day enjoying vigorous and often noisy play. They are free to make large movements running, jumping, climbing swinging rolling jumping yelling-all with energy. They get a line and they garden. In extreme weather they do large mo tor activity indoors. Transition times are the minutes between other blocks of the day including arrival and departure times.The goal is to make transitions pass smoothly since they set the stage for the succeeding(a) segment in the days schedule. They also provide meaningful opportunities themselves. Children may decide how to move across the floor on the way to small group time. With a consistent daily routine, children know what is going to take place next. It is not unusual for them to announce the next activity and initiate the transition. Snack time allows children to enjoy eating sun-loving food in a supportive social setting (High Scope Educational Research Foundation 2007).Some of these daily routines that happen in a high scope nursery are quite similar to other curriculums. The idea of the child leading their own learning is incorporated into the Montessori Method and the 3-5 year Curriculum. I have seen this work well at Kettle Nursery. Another important element that I have seen in working action was the importance of health. Snack time at Kettle allows children to experience a healthy eating experience including sugar free snacks, fruits and vegetables.It seems to be that in the High Scope Method, the childs health is a very important aspect of the curriculum, which is very similar to the 3-5 years curriculum. Kettle Nursery provides the opportunity for the children to experience play outside each day. They encourage an active lifestyle which again is very similar to High Scope. At the end of they day at Kettle Nursery, the Nursery Nurse also spends a few minutes to discuss with the children what they did that day, this is a teentsy similar to the High Scopes idea of reviewing.ReferencesHainstock, E. 1997. The Essential Montessori An introduction to the woman, the writings, the method, and the movement. New York purloin Books.High Scope Educational Research Foundation. 2007. Curriculum. Online purchasable at http//www.highscope.org/Content.a sp?ContentId=1 accessed 24 September 2007Kelly, A. V. 1999. The Curriculum Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications.Lewis, G. 2001. Rudolf Steiner. Online Available at http//www.freedom-in-education.co.uk/Steiner.htm accessed 24 September 2007Mogensen, K. 2004. Eyes Wide Open. Online Available at http//www.aeufederal.org.au/Publications/AE/Atmn04pp26-30.pdf accessed 24 September 2007Montessori, M. 1912. The Montessori Method. e-book New York Frederick A. Stokes Company. Available at http//digital.library.upenn.edu/women/montessori/method/method.html accessed 14 October 2007BibliographyScottish Executive. 2001. Curriculum Framework for children 3 to 5. Dundee Learning and Teaching Scotland.Tanner, D. 2006. Curriculum Development Theory into Practice. New Jersey Prentice Hall.Maria Montessori. n.d. Maria Montessori, MD. Online Available at http//www.montessori.edu/maria.html accessed 24 September 2007

Mental Health: Concepts of Race and Gender

psychogenic wellness Concepts of wake and sex kind di song/ perturb as a function of the altogetheriance we pop off in implications for the practice of genial wellness fond urinate in conditions of grammatical sexual practice and raceIntroduction intellectual distemper/disorder/distress is a rather ambiguous umbrella term for describing a wide range of various disorders of the sound judg manpowert. fit to the Oxford Medical Dictionary, psychogenic malady is a disorder of one or more of the functions of the judicial decision ( much(prenominal) as emotion, perception, memory, or thought), which ca examples suffering to the patient or others (Oxford Medical Dictionary, 2007). The worldwide burden of noetic illness was estimated at 12.3% at the beginning of the millenary and is expected to rise even further in the next ten dollar bill (Murray and Lopez, 1997 Patel et al, 2006).Critical perspectives that refute the biological definitions of genial illness started t o arise in the 1960s. Szasz (1961) and other critical theorists shit continually challenged the classification of normal and anomalous behavioural categories, and focused sooner on the role of fond reckons on the development of psychogenic illness (Martin, 2003). Key among these components argon gender, race and paganity, knowledgeable preference, age and class.Apart from several medical theories that explain the aetiology of cordial illness with neurological chemical imbalances, the actual causes of such psychological disorders ar monu amiablely un cognize. However, as outlined above, there be myriad known factors that trigger or prompt such moral impairment. Work stress and work-related psycho hearty conditions, for example, p limits an heavy role in self-reported cordial wellness (Kopp M et al, 2008).Furthermore, gender is generally accepted as a signifi providet endangerment factor for the development of genial distress. The creation Health Organization acknow ledges that a large majority of ballpark genial health maladys atomic number 18 more a colossal deal reported in the female gender than in their male counter split. As an example common psychological disorders such as depression and fretting are predominant in women. Conversely, there are other disorders of the mind that are more common in men. These include, but are non limited to, substance misuse (including alcohol dependence) and antisocial personality disorder (The military personnel Health Organization). Nevertheless, there are no reported differences in the relative relative incidence of rough severe intellectual disorders, like schizophrenia, in men and women. In addition to the gender-related differences documented in the incidence of these disorders, there tolerate also been reported differences in terms of the epidemiology and callousness age of onset, type frequency, social adjustment, prognosis and trajectory of the illness.The man Health Organi zation proffers capableness explanation for the observed differences surrounded by genders men and women give variantial withstanding advocator over socioeconomic determinants of their affable health, social position, status and intervention in society and their susceptibility and scene to specific intellectual health risks (The World Health Organization).Similarly, race could also be a determining factor for the development of mental illness. In addition, mental illness in some races, e.g. black and nonage heathen (BME) groups slew be further exacerbated by alleged discrepancies in the mental health operate available to this potentially vulnerable groups of patients (Ferns P, 2008). A possibly rational explanation for the reason basis each disparities in mental health across diverse races could be the societal differences that are inherent to various cultural backgrounds.The main object glass of this paper is to analyse the social factors that contribute prompt men tal distress, peculiarly in women and quite a little from BME populations, and to rationalise how these factors whitethorn actually wayologise the discourse of mental health. psychic Illness in WomenThe natural subordinate role of women and gender stereotypes in most societies makes them prone to disorders of the mind. Psychoanalytic theories believe that patriarchy-based communities are associated with a high rate of mental illness in women (Olfman S, 1994). These supremacy-governed organisations in which men are largely in control leave women with a logical feeling of repression, which could culminate in mental distress. Indeed, in some primitive societies, women with more independent views who express anger or dissatisfaction with the standard elderly social structure are ofttimes seen as having psychological problems (Martin, 2003).According to The World Health Organization, gender-specific roles, negative life occurrences and stressors can adversely motivate mental heal th. Clearly the impact of the latter factors (i.e. life experiences and stressors) is in no way exclusive to the female gender. However, it is the nature of some events that are some times commonplace in womens lives that could account for the documented gender-related differences. danger factors for mental illness that mainly affect women include women-targeted craze, financial difficulties, inequality at work and in the society, burdensome responsibility, pregnancy-related issues, oppression, discrimination, and abuse. on that point is a linear correlation among the frequency and severity of such social factors and the frequency and severity of female mental health problems. Adverse life events that initiate a sense of loss, inferiority, or entrapment can also predict depression (The World Health Organization).Furthermore, in a domino-effect way some female factors can also lead to mental illness, not just in the case-by-case concerned, but also in subsequent generations and / or interacting family and friends. For example maternal depression has been shown to be associated with failure of children to strive in the community, which in sophisticate could culminate in delays in the developmental process and subsequent psychological or psychiatric problems (Patel et al, 2004).In the past three decades, the debate of women and mental health illness and their actionment in mental health operate has been quite controversial (Martin J, 2003). From a social constructionist point of view, it is believed that some women are wrongly labelled as mentally ill merely because they do not accept certain (usually unfair and unfounded) gender-related stereotypical placement in the society. In this often-cited and somewhat controversial book chapter by Jennifer Martin (Mental health rethinking practices with women) she expresses great concern for the biological explanations of mental health which have the tendency to lay un ascribable emphasis on the female reproduct ive biology that purportedly leads to a predisposition to mental illness. Such sexist notions tend to disproportionately highlight female conditions such as pre-menstrual tension, post-natal depression and menopause, in a bid to foster the notion that women are at higher risk of evolution mental distress (Martin J, 2003).Instead of this allegedly short-sighted approach to the medicalisation of mental health in women, feminist theorists focus on female mental illness as a function of the lives they are do to live within patriarchal, and often oppressive, societies. Women are disadvantaged both socially and psychologically by these unreasonably subservient role expectations (Martin J, 2003).Mental Illness and RaceThe United Kingdom (UK) is a home to a very diverse and multicultural population, and BME communities make up approximately 7.8% of the total UK population (Fernando S, 2005). There are innate differences in the presentation, management and outcome of mental illness betw een the different races and heathenish groups (Cochrane R and Sashidharan S, 1996 Coid J et al, 2002 Bhui K et al, 2003).In a recent policy report for the UK Government Office of Science, Jenkins R et al, (2008) explained that while some mental disorders appear to be more common in the BME populations, others are not. In addition, incidence rates of different mental disorders also vary among different pagan groups within the BME populations. For example, depression is more and more common in the Irish and Black Caribbeans, but not unavoidably in the Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi sub-populations (Jenkins R et al, 2008). In the UK, the risk of suicide also varies by gender as well as heathenishity, with Asian men and Black Carribeans having dishonor rates than the general UK population, and Asian women having higher rates. Similarly, the incidence of psychoses is not uniformly elevated in all BME groups the highest incidence is seen in Black Caribbean and Black African gro ups in the UK, (4 10 times the normal rates seen in the White British group) (Jenkins R et al, 2008).In a retrospective case-control study of a representative sample of more than 22,000 deceased idiosyncratics, Kung et al (2005) highlighted important disparities in mental health disorders, such as substance misuse, depressive symptoms and mental health overhaul utilisation as possible determinants of suicidal behaviours and/ or attempts. Also, clear associations have been demonstrated between racialism and the higher rates of mental illness among BME groups (McKenzie K, 2004). The rising incidence of suicides in some developing countries, as seen with Indian farmers, South American indigenes, alcohol-related deaths in Eastern Europe, and young women in rural China, can be partly attributed to economic and social change in these nations (Sundar M, 1999 Phillips M et al, 1999).Pre-, peri- and post-migratory experiences can be major stressor determinants for the development of ment al health illness (Jenkins R et al, 2008). Therefore, in order to understand the differences in these populations, it is of utmost vastness to contact some insight into their cultural backgrounds and the happenings in their countries of simple eye all of which could be determinants of mental health.There is a direct relationship between social change and mental health and, in the recent past, many developing countries have undergone incomparable, fast-paced social and economic changes. As Patel et al (2006) have pointed out, such economic upheavals commonly go hand-in-hand with ruralurban migration and luxuriant social and economic networks. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that The World Health Organization has admit that such changes can cause sudden disruptive changes to social factors, such as income and employment, which can directly affect individuals and ultimately lead to an increase rate of mental disorders.Also Alean Al-Krenawi of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev has extensively explored how exposure to political violence has influenced the mental health of Palestinian and Israeli teenagers (Al-Krenawi A, 2005). Al-Krenawi goes on to emphasise that the theory of mental health in the Arab world is a multi-faceted one and is often shaped not only by the socio-cultural-political aspects of the society, but also by the spiritual and religious beliefs.In addition, the perception of racial discrimination has been identify as a significant contributory factor to poor mental and overall health in BME groups even more important that the share of socio-economic factors (Jenkins R et al, 2008). It is disheartening to note that institutionalised and/ or constitutional racism is rife in the conceptual transcriptions that are employed in the formulation of mental health services (Wade J, 1993 Timimi S, 2005).Implications for the Practice of Mental Health mixer WorkIn general, people suffering from mental illnesses receive nonstandard give-and-take fr om medical practitioners both in the emergency room and in general treatment, and insurance coverage policies are usually unequal compared with their mentally balanced counterparts (McNulty J, 2004).For BME populations, especially Black and Asians, access and utilisation of mental health services are very different from those recorded for White people (Lloyd P and Moodley P, 1992 Bhui K, 1997). Exploring the pathway to pull off in mental health services, Bhui K and Bhugra D (2002) highlight that the most common point of access to mental health services for some BME groups is through the criminal justice system, instead of their general practitioner, as would be the case in their White counterparts. study areas in which institutional racism is rife in the provision of mental health services to BME patients include mental health policy, diagnosis and treatment (Wade J, 1993). For example, Black patients with mental illness are more likely to be treated among forensic, psychiatric and detained populations (Coid J et al, 2002 Bhui K et al, 2003) and are also disproportionately treated with antipsychotic medication than psychotherapy (McKenzie K et al, 2001). Having said this, it is important to differentiate between racial bias and the consideration of racial and ethnic differences. In fact, ignoring these essential differences could actually be seen as a different type of bias (Snowden L, 2003).Already, members of the BME population face prejudice and discrimination this is forked when there is the additional burden of mental illness, and is one of the major reasons why some of these patients choose not to seek adequate treatment (Gary F, 2005). As such, firebrand arising from racism can be a significant breastwork to treatment and well-being, and interventions to close out this should be prioritised. It is therefore also of utmost importance that institutional racism be eliminated.As far back as 1977, Rack described some of the practical problems that arise in providing mental health care in a multicultural society. These include, but are not limited to language, diagnostic differences, treatment expectations and acceptability. Some effort has been made to address some of these problems in England, by the development of projects for minority ethnic communities both within the statutory mental health services and in non-governmental sector (Fernando S, 2005). In addition, overcoming language barriers should help in eliminating racial and ethnic disparities towards achieving equal access and quality mental health care for all (Snowden L et al, 2007).The World Health Organization also draws attention to corresponding bias against the female gender in the treatment of mental disorders. Doctors are generally more likely to diagnose depression in women than in men, even with patients that present with similar symptoms and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) scores. Probably as a result of this bias, doctors are also more likely to prescribe mood-altering psychotropic drugs to women.Considering that immigrants and women separately face challenges with the provision of mental health care, it is expected that immigrant women would have even more setbacks, owing to their duplicate risk status. Using Kleinmans explanatory model, OMahony J and Donnelly T (2007) found that this unfortunate patient group face many obstacles due to cultural differences, social stigma spiritual and religious beliefs and practices, and unfamiliarity with Hesperian medicine. However, the study did also highlight some positive influences of immigrant womens cultural backgrounds, which could be harnessed in the management of these patients.To effectively target and treat the diverse population that commonly present with mental illness in the UK, it is necessary to promote interculturalisation, i.e. the adaptation of mental health services to cause patients from different cultures (De Jong J and Van Ommeren M, 2005). Holl ar M (2001) has developed an outline for the use of cultural formulations in psychiatric diagnosis, and advocates for the inclusion of the legacy of slavery and the chronicle of racism to help understand the current healthcare crisis, especially in the Black population.ConclusionAs we have discussed extensively in this paper, females and patients of BME origin are commonly disadvantaged in the treatment of mental illnesses. Mental healthcare professionals need to eliminate all bias in the treatment of these patients, while at the same time, taking into consideration their inherent differences to run across that mental health services provided are personalised to suit the individual patient.ReferencesAl-Krenawi A. Editorial mental health issues in Arab society. Israeli Journal of abnormal psychology and Related Sciences 2005 42 (2) 71.Bhui K. Service provision for capital of the United Kingdoms ethnic minorities. In Londons Mental Health, London Kings Fund (1997).Bhui K and Bhugra D. Mental illness in Black and Asian ethnic minorities pathways to care and outcomes. Advances in psychiatrical discourse 2002 8 26 33.Bhui K, Stansfeld S, Hull S, Priebe S, Mole F, Feder G. Ethnic variations in pathways to specialist mental health care a systematic review. The British Journal of psychiatry 2003 182 5 16.Cochrane R and Sashidharan S. Ethnicity and health reviews of the literature and guidance for purchasers in the areas of cardiovascular disease, mental health, and haemoglobinopathies. York University of York, 1996 105 126 (part 3).Coid J, Petruckevitch A, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Brugha D, Jenkins R, et al. Ethnic differences in prisoners. 1 criminality and psychiatric morbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2002 181 473 480.De Jong J and Van Ommeren M. Mental health services in a multicultural society interculturalisation and its quality surveillance. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005 42 (3) 437 456.Fernando S. Multicultural mental health services project s for minority ethnic communities in England. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005 42 (3) 420 436.Ferns P. The bigger picture. If racism exists in society, then surely it must influence mental health services. Mental Health Today 2008 March 20.Gary F. Stigma barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2005 26 (10) 979 999.Hollar M. The impact o0f racism on the delivery of healthcare and mental services. Psychiatric Quarterly 2001 Winter 72 (4) 337 345.Jenkins R, Meltzer H, Jones P, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Farrell M, Crepaz-Keay D and Knapp M. Foresight Mental ceiling and Wellbeing Project. Mental health Future challenges. The Government Office for Science, London (2008).Kopp M, Stauder A, Purebl G, Janszky I, Skrbski A. Work stress and mental health in a ever-changing society. European Journal of humankind Health 2008 18(3) 238 244.Kung H, Pearson J, Wei R. Substance use, firearm availability, depressive symptoms, and mental health service u tilization among white and Africa-American suicide decedents aged 15 to 64 years. Annals of Epidemiology 2005 15 (8) 614 621.Lloyd P and Moodley P. Psychotropic medication and ethnicity an inmate survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1997 27 95 101.Martin E ed. (2007). Oxford sententious Colour Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press 4th edition, page 445.Martin J (2003). Mental health rethinking practices with women in Critical social work an introduction to theories and practices. By Bob Pease, June Allan, Linda Briskman. Published by Allen Unwin, 2003 ISBN 1865089079, 9781865089072.McKenzie K, Samele C, Van Horn E, Tattan T, Van Os J, Murray R. Comparison of the outcome and treatment of psychosis in people of Carribean origin keep in the UK and British Whites. Report from the UK700 trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2001 178 clx 165.McKenzie K. Tackling the root cause there are clear links between racism and the higher rates of mental illness amon g ethnic minority groups. Mental Health Today 2004 30 32.McNulty J. Commentary mental illness, society, stigma and research. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2004 30 (3) 573 575.Murray C, Lopez A. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990 2020 global burden of disease study. The Lancet 1997 349 1498 1504.OMahony J and Donnelly T. The influence of culture on immigrant womens mental health care experiences from the perspectives of health care providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2007 28 (5) 453 471.Olfman S. Gender, patriarchy, and womens mental health psychoanalytic perspectives. The Journal of the American Academy of depth psychology 1994 22 259 271.Patel V, Rahman A, Jacob K, Hughes M. Effect of maternal mental health in babe growth in low income countries new evidence from South Asia. The British Medical Journal 2004 328 820 823.Patel V, Saraceno B, Kleinman A. Beyond evidence the moral case for foreign mental health. The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 8 1312 1315.Phillips M, Liu H, Zhang Y. suicide and social change in China. Cultural Medical Psychiatry 1999 23 25 50.Rack P. Some practical problems in providing a psychiatric service for immigrants. Mental Health Soc 1977 4 (34) 144 151.Snowden L. Bias in mental health assessment and intervention theory and evidence. American Journal of Public Health 2003 93 (2) 239 243.Snowden L, Masland M, Guerrero R. Federal civil rights policy and mental health treatment access for persons with limited English proficiency. American Psychology 2007 62 (2) 109 117.Szasz (1961) in Martin J (2003). Mental health rethinking practices with women in Critical social work an introduction to theories and practices. By Bob Pease, June Allan, Linda Briskman. Published by Allen Unwin, 2003 ISBN 1865089079, 9781865089072.Sundar M. Suicide in farmers in India. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1999 175 585 586.The World Health Organization. Gender and womens mental health Gender disparities and mental health The Facts. WWW Available online at http//www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/ (Accessed Friday November 15th 2008).Timimi S. Institutionalised racism lies at the heart of the conceptual systems we use in psychiatry. Mental Health Today 2005 21.Wade J. Institutional racism an analysis of the mental health system. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1993 63 (4) 536 544.cervical crab louse Types, Causes and CuresCervical cancer Types, Causes and CuresBy Omar AbdulleWhat is Cervical Cancer?Cervical pubic louse is a disease that affects the neck of the female reproductive system. The cervix is located in the lower part of the uterus it connects the vagina to the uterus. Cervical pubic louse can be categorize to two types, Squamous cell carcinomasand Adenocarcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas account for 80-90 % of all cervical pubic louse cases. Meanwhile, Adenocarcinomas in found in the glandular cells of the cervix makes up for 10-20% of cervica l pubic louse cases.1Most cervical cancer starts in the cells in the sack zone. The cells do not immediately change into cancer. The normal cells of the cervix soft develop benign tumours that bout into cancer. Only some of the women with pre-cancerous tumours in the cervix will develop cancer. It normally takes several years for benign tumours to turn into malignant tumours.Statistics indicate that 1,500 Canadian women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2016. An estimated 400 will die from it.2CausesMost cases of cervical cancer are caused by a high-risk type of HPV. HPV is a computer virus that is passed from person to person through genital contact, such as vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If the HPV infection does not go away on its own, it may cause cervical cancer over time.3 The viruses in the sexual ancestral (HPV) trigger abnormal behavior in the cervical cells causing pre-cancerous conditions.Risk factorsMany sexual partners.Early sexual activity.Weak immune system. Smoking. spying and analyzeDetectingCervical cancer that is detected early can be treated successfully. Doctors recommend regular screening to detect any abnormal cells in the cervix. During screening Doctors will conduct Pap tests to divulge out the DNA of the cervical cells. The purpose of Pap test is to place the cancer cells in the cervix. If not diagnosed with cervical cancer, doctors highly suggest proceed screening as risks of getting cervical cancer are high.DiagnosingIf cancerous cells are found in the cervix, Doctors will perform the hobby tests to examine the cervix. The tests arePunch Biopsy Involves a sharp tool to short-change off cervical tissue for further examination.Endocervical curettage small spoon-shaped actor to brush a tissue sample from the cervix.The final stage of catching and diagnosing cervical cancer is called staging. At this point, Doctors have determined you have cervical cancer. Staging can be divided in to for sub-sections. They are floor I Cancer is restricted.Stage II Cancer is breathing in the cervix and upper vagina.Stage III Cancer is moving.Stage IV Cancer has spread to other nearby organs and parts of the body.Precautionary stepsTaking precautionary steps is the right path to reduce the risk of contracting cervical cancer. Experts suggestAvoid exposure to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).Get a HPV vaccine.Avoid smoking.Forms of TreatmentJust like other forms of cancer, cervical cancer can be treated through the main forms of treatment. I.e. Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, and Targeted therapy.SurgeryDetermines how far the cancer has spread.Treats cancer successfully during the early stages.RadiationTreats cancer that has spread excessively.ChemotherapyTreats cervical cancer that returns after treatment.Targeted therapyDrug used with chemo to stop cancer growth.This rule is still in processCurrent research and Potential CuresDoctors and scientists are working hard to find out the best ways to prevent and best treat cervical cancer. These methods will improve the functionality of the treatments method, detection and diagnosing. Improvements are being to screening and detection methods. Another innovative and also potential cure is called Immunotherapy, also known as biologic therapy. This is designed to set ahead the bodys natural defenses to fight the cancer. It uses materials either made by the body or in a laboratory to improve, target, or restore immune system function.5ReferencesTypes of Cervical Cancer CTCA. (0001, January 01). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from http//www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/types/Cervical cancer statistics Canadian Cancer Society. (n.d.). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from http//www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/cervical/statistics/?region=onEPublications. (n.d.). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from https//www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/cervical-cancer.htmlCervical Cancer Latest Research. Cancer.Net. N.p., 1 0 June 2016. Web. 02 Mar. 2017.

Fat Vs Sugar Battle Of Two Evils English Language Essay

plop Vs Sugar Battle Of Two Evils English Language tryFat makes you juicy and start gives you diabetes. This is what commonly comes to mind when we talk approximately plentiful and wampumpeag. Being the harbinger of various life-threatening diseases, both atomic number 18 said to be the to the highest degree dangerous ingredients of the modern viands.M any(prenominal) wellness conscious people slang become so sc atomic number 18d of prolificten out and dulcorate that fare manufacturers today slap the magic devises skimmed and Sugar exhaust on their labels to en positive(predicate) sales. Despite the slightly higher(prenominal) pricing, these plump and scratch guiltless alternatives get to evolved to become the healthier choices compared to their unbendable counter office staffs.But to set the records straight once and for all are earnings and fat both evil? Should we really keep ourselves away from them? If yes, indeed which one must be avoided even to a greater extent?As a Matter of FatFilipinos know that feeding oleaginous food derriere lead to cardiovascular diseases, and yet we go to bed lechon, chicharon, and all the oily virtue of other Pinoy dishes like crispy pata and sizzling sisig. Although it is true that fat capacitance of most Pinoy dishes are of the bad kind, you should understand that not all fats are created the same.Fat isnt actually always bad. Its part of a hale aliment, providing you the amount of moneyy fatty acids and energy for your unremarkable activities. We rent fat to aid in our digestion and excretion of wastes. It as well as keeps our hair and skin supple and reasoning(a). Fat as well as helps you absorb fat-soluble vitamins like Vitamins A, D and E.There are four types of fat infectious mononucleosisunsaturated, unsaturated, saturated and trans fats. The fats that have been reported to ca subprogram cardiovascular problems such as heart disease and hypertension are saturated fats and t rans fats. Saturated fats posterior be set in animal fats, coconut oils, dairy products, and do by oils. Trans fats, on the other hand, are maudlinly developed fats manufactured to continue shelf life of jam-packed food like cookies, crackers, pastries and chips. These dickens types have given fat its evil reputation.But in that location are two other types of fat that actually contribute to good health. Polyunsaturated fats are found in common vegetable oils like soybean oil, edible corn oil, sunflower oil, walnuts and fish. Monounsaturated fats are found in olive oil, canola oil, avocados, almonds, peanuts cashews, and pecans. Both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are two of the most misunderstood components of food today vilifyonize to the International Food In hitation Councils 2008 study, 43% of Americans think that polyunsaturated fats are not heatlhy, while 38% of them feel the same way most monounsaturated fats.Whats the reason behind the bad reputation of fat? Many call back that our general perception of fat today is a product of some(prenominal) years of misleading and confusing information. Studies conducted before on saturated fat trans fat alarmed the government that in 1984, the National Institute of wellness gave a recommendation to termination daily fat in establish. This gave rise to an unpalatable creation opinion on all types of fat making the word equivalent to something evil, something we should be wary of.Beca habituate people want to stop eating food with fat, the food industry started developing products that are being denote as fatless or fat free. What weight watchers dont know is that manufacturers substituted fat with scar in order to make up for the compromised taste. We allow debate much or so the effects of go through food high in lucre later.Today, after s everal more studies and research that exonerate mono and polyunsaturated fats, the US Department of Agriculture now recommends that we get s omewhat 20% to 35% of our daily sustenanceists calorie intake from these good guys. The McKinley health Center website mentions how crucial fat is for normal growth and development. The Harvard School of globe Health even states that good fats can contribute in labored disease risk.Some supportists think that we should get more than 35% of our daily caloric intake from mono and polyunsaturated fats. According to nutrition consultant Heather Fleming, we should get two servings of the good types of fat per meal. Fleming recognizes the importance of healthy fats in reenergizing our bodys cells.New studies are also surfacing to debunk our preceding misconceptions about saturated fat. According to the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, there is actually no signifi weight evidence that links saturated fat with increased risk of heart disease, contrary to popular belief. Both formulaic and holistic medicines are now considering meat and other sources of saturated fats to be actually good for our health.The bitter side of dulcifyMan-made sugar was never really a major part of human diet until the last few thousand years. Before that, we were happy getting our loony toons of sweetness from honeybees.Eventually we learned to manufacture sugar from sugarcane and sugar beets, then from corn and wheat. Sugar has become such a staple today that many people swear they could never enjoy most kinds of treats and insobrietys without it. In 1938, a study revealed that a person normally consumed about 16.3 kilograms, an equivalent study conducted after 50 years revealed that the per person manipulation rose to 48.3 kilograms. This simply tells us that our generation is chugging in more sugar than any human being in history.Dont get confused. Although it is true that we need sugar to keep our blood levels in check, many people do not know that all the carbohydrates that we eat are broken crop up into sugar already. This means, we do not need to take in more sugar anymore. There is no extra benefit in adding a teaspoonful of it on our cup of coffee except for making our drink taste sweeter.So what happens to the extra sugar that we take in from the desserts and beverages that we enjoy on a daily basis? Just like any other turbo charged machine, our bodys natural hormonal responses go to hyper drive when we have too much of it. High sugar intake makes us make more of the hormone insulin.Insulin manages our sugar levels and stores excess of it into fat for future consumption. The more sugar you bring in, the more insulin is released and the more fat is stored. So dont ever wonder why you keep packing on pounds if youre a spacious fledged sweet tooth. Excess sugar in your diet also results to slip II diabetes, iron and magnesium deficiencies, sleeplessness, digestive problems, arthritis, obesity and other debilitating health conditions.Whats even more dangerous about consuming sugar is that, unlike fat, there is currently no upper barr ier established for its intake. According to the 2002 review by the Food and Nutrition gore of the National Academies of Science Institute of Medicine review of scientific literature, there was no adverse health effects related to sugar intake. Until today, nutrition labels are still not ask to list an upper limit for daily sugar intake. Only those of total fat, saturated fat, sodium and cholesterin are required to be listed, based on standard 2000 and 2500 calorie diet per day.Until sugar intake limits are set, the rise in incidences of Type II diabetes, obesity and other sugar-related disorders can be expected to rise.Fat versus SugarNow, after all that has been said about fat and sugar, do you know which one is more evil? Which one does more harm than good to our body? If you weigh the pros and cons presented earlier, youll agree with the experts the answer is sugar.If you arent really convince yet, heres a summary of why it is soWe already get the sugar we need from carbohydr ates. Any additional sugar we take in will only cause nasty side effects on our health. Fat, on the other hand, is needed by the body to function well.People who love eating sugar-laden processed food and drinks tend to consume more calories than those who dont. This is because sugar acts like drug, it makes one want to crave more while he/she is getting it. This causes a person to consume lots of calories, more than what is required everyday.Sugary foods bring the body under constant stress, according to nutrition consultant Heather Fleming, subjecting it into sudden surges of energy. These surges, also known as the sugar rush, are followed by episodes of low energy.Added sugar provides empty calories meaning there are no additional nutrients gained. Fat, on the other hand, is nutrient dense, so consuming a small amount of it will result in satisfaction of cravings. This makes you want to eat less often and have your train with smaller portions.Refined sugar is not a natural form of food, precisely like trans fats. Our body is not meant to break down unreal substances. Good fats, including saturated fats, have been present in the human diet for thousands of years already and our body knows how to digest this.Sugar is not part of the Food Pyramid, fat is. This alone indicates that adding artificial sugar on food is not part of a healthy diet. Its a kind of toss food.Eat Fat, Avoid SugarSo what should you do to stay healthy? Heed the warning of experts steer away from adding refined sugar on your food as much as possible You may not notice its detrimental effects yet, but you will in the farseeing run.Eat balanced meals according to the Food Pyramid and include stringy servings of mono and polyunsaturated fat sources like nuts, avocados, and fish. Include animal meat as part of your meal, but of course, watch your servings. Anything taken in easing is okay, but if you eat too much of even the good stuff, youll just increase your calorie intake and gain weight eventually.Avoid trans fats found in packed pastries, cookies and chips. You actually resort to quick fixes like packed cookies if you fail to plan your meals ahead. Stock your kitchen shelves with fresh harvestings and preservative-free snacks to keep you from craving trans fatty food. If you want bread and pastries, opt for freshly baked ones or discontinue yet, bake it yourself.Read labels before buying food and drinks, especially bottled fruit juices and vitamin waters that pack in loads of sugar. As mentioned earlier, many nonfat or fat free products that are supposedly healthier usually compensate lost taste with sugar so make sure you avoid them as well.Refrain from drinking soda as this comes with some(prenominal) servings of sugar in every cup. If you love drinking soda and cant do away with it, at least choose a sugar free variant. However, be warned that sugar substitutes like aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose are also by artificial mean s manufactured substances just like refined sugar itself so use them sparingly.Instead of eating lots of nonfat or sugar free food, nutritionists advise that we learn to control ourselves and eat smaller portions of unfluctuating food. For example, quite of indulging on 3 or 4 tablespoons of fat free peanut butter that doesnt really taste as good as the real thing, why not use 1 tablespoon of regular peanut butter instead? Remember, fat gives you the feeling of satisfaction faster than sugar, so you end up eating less.Stay away from artificial ingredients in general since your body is not meant to consume them anyway. Try to take in natural and organic food from crops that have been grown and harvested without the use of commercial pesticides and fertilizers and youll reap the benefits later on.Sourceshttp//www.docshop.com/2008/10/22/diet-and-nutrition-fat-vs-sugar-which-is-less-healthy-round-2/http//ezinearticles.com/?Fat-Vs-SugarHow-to-Get-Rid-of-That-Spare-Tyreid=867632http/ /www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/eat-right/limit-fat-sugar.htmhttp//www.beachbody.com/product/newsletters/251.dohttp//www.our-health-journey.com/2007/05/04/the-battle-between-sugar-and-fat/http//www.thegoodonyabar.com/fat-vs-sugar.htmlhttp//www.netwellness.org/question.cfm/50028.htmhttp//www.healthcentral.com/heart-disease/c/45112/102797/saturated

The Massacre Of Maguindanao Media Essay

The put to death Of Maguindanao Media EssayNovember 23, 2009 since a horrible thrashing happened in Maguindanao on wholeness of the islands of the Philippines Mindanao . A number of civilians were killed which shook the whole land and among those civilians excluding motorists, drivers, liquidians, honoryers, women, 34 diary keepers were named. This pcticular shocked the foreshorten, the presidency, and the ordinary citizens as well. simply why did this senseless abattoir happen in a uncouth worry the Philippines w here(predicate) immunity and country be macrocosm took c atomic number 18 of? Nearly few months hold in passed since this closely horrible cleanup position of civilians marked the history of the Philippines , and because of this, it leads us to m whatsoever authorizedizations. Politicians were killed and so morality was killed. Women were killed thus their propers were killed. Lawyers were killed so legal expert was also killed. And journalists we re killed therefore immunity was also killed. And the latter realization inspired this paper the exemption of the labor. And since the Maguindanao massacre became one of the most(prenominal) talked almost issue until now because of its massive killing of journalists, thus killing of granting immunity, it leads us to be much advised of the work at and responsibilities of the contract, the polices which made to encourage the beneficials of the under read, more(prenominal)over tied(p)tu aloney made us commemorate that there are some practice of jurisprudences which engage the said immunity. In this case, since the vex must have its independence, there should be no restrictions to such an induction because its independence get outing be re evokeed. Furthermore, a country could be considered non-democratic province for body politic doesnt prevail on that community. Then, the police detective chose this study to come up with an answer to the soulal question Why is there such loosendom of the press if exemption here does non have the same centre if read from our composition from how the ordinary commonwealth belowstand it? Hence, this paper willcover moreover about press exemption here in the Philippines . If it is so, the paper will non tackle any issue that would likely come out while the paper is being discussed. Moreover, the objectives of the paper are firstly, to present situations where granting immunity of the press was repressed, secondly, to state how freedom of the press go along with state, and thirdly, the paper would want the researcher to be more aware of what is hazard around him/her. Now, for the researcher to start discussing what this paper is all about, a question will be first asked. That question would be What is freedom of the press?Definition of immunity of the iron out escapeddom loadeds independence and independence mean boundless, therefore, press freedom means press independence, inwardness there should be no limits to whatever the action of a component of the press would be. alone as part of the social equality authorization, the secure of the nation, and non of the press, is what the end point freedom of the press really means. It can be stressed, moreover, as the objurgate of the press is the recompense of the vast deal to be informed and to be heard (Reyes, 1992). electronic jamming freedom is non a sectoral right, a right to be asserted and enjoyed only by members of the media sectorFreedom of the press is a basic right of the masses, that is, of the entire body politic and any ordinary citizen (Reyes, 1992). Here, we come up with two different de nonations for the term freedom of the press, tho since the press plays the section of being the voice of the Filipinos here in the Philippines as well as serving as an agent to inform the usual, then the press, particularly the journalists, could represent the entire Filipino community. Because of thi s, the conterminous pages will focus mainly on the first meaning the researcher has presented wherein the press is the term used to represent the journalists and new(prenominal) media sector not the raft in general. Then we substitute the word3journalist to press thus fashioning the term freedom of the press as the right of the journalists to freely limited what they want to express. Moreover, freedom of the press is not notwithstanding freedom for the press, and to have social equality isnt competence. It is indeed the freedom of all individual, and its the hard and risky method provided it has a avenge in the end (Coronel, 1991).In continuative to this, our constitution provides No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech and of the press (Section 4, Article III). This means that no one could pr steadyt any media sector from writing what he/she wants to economize as well as from speaking what the person wants to say. Nor purge the governing body has no righ t to pr eveningt any member of the press from doing so. And since the press has its full access on newspapers, radios, and televisions, the bangledge could be interruption to the people easily and freely. except how did it become a right?Freedom of the Press as a Right The researcher defines freedom here as the right of journalists. This is because everyone has his/her proclaim rights and since the press includes journalists and journalists are military personnel, then, journalists should have their proclaim freedom too. Press freedom should not be excluded as a right of an individual for it is one of his/her rights when he/she was born. It is a right that if oppressed violates human beings right (Reyes, 1992). But in a deeper meaning, freedom of the press not only stands for the right of every journalists but also for the right of every people to be informed, because media exists to process the people.4 Journalists work could be seen on newspapers as well as could be heard from radios and televisions. But they do not only present the truth to the public with supporting evidences but also give their receive flavors towards it. And an intellection can never be misleading nevertheless, itsdestructive power we still hang on for its amendments because of the reverse of other existing ideas (Zelezny, 1993). That is why, debates and other discussions were lead by journalists and other media sectors because, otherwise, if the ideas of oneself is not being told to anyone, freedom is unreal or fictitious (Reyes, 1992). Consequently, freedom of idea is the persons right to search for truth that the surrounding is hiding from his/her. It is our right to pass a centering to others what we have in mind freely. Moreover, it is also our right that allows us to do actions freely regarding our thoughts (Reyes, 1992). Likewise, freedom of the press is the freedom of truth(Pinon, 1960). And if truth firms and is unbreakable, it is free to say ones side (Reyes, 1992) . This is mainly the function of mass media to reveal the misconducts in its country, freedom of truth to its main(a).Media in the Philippines Media plays a very risky role in the society for it reveals the truth which people are refusing to admit even with irresistible proofs (Braid, 2005). And journalists have chosen a more risky life history because their work needs to, and they could do their job through critiquing and even criticizing an issue. Particularly, they are not only supplying the truth because he/she also gives his/her protest opinion and view on a particular issue (Coronel, 1991). And so, under the freedom of the press, people has the right to criticize on things which matters them (Pinon, 1960).5But most people misunderstood this. Comments from an individual do not mean insulting someone or something. Still, it is inevitable for an individual to have his/her own assessment towards it. It is public opinion, since the individual is the basic unit of any president ial term, which is the reproducible foundation of freedom and social equality (Bookwatch Legal Editors, 2006). Furthermore, freedom of the press is the uncontrolled freedom wherein a person can freely express his thoughts (Pinon, 1960). On the other hand, it is also the responsibility of the journalists to make the younger propagation involve themselves to issues which also affect them. Media contributes in giving nurture to the people and it also educates them to the real work of justice. Media men shows to the public that justice should not be passed within laws but must also showed to the people that justice really prevails in their society (Braid, 2005). This is why there are shows like Y-Speak where students voices are given the time to be heard. the mass media have an all-important(a) part to play in the education of young peoplein making known the views and aspirations of the younger generation (Holopainen,1987). Like it had been said, the youth is the endue our hope, hence, whatever the opinions of the youth are, it will contribute a big part on the decision-making of that certain issue. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression the right includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart in information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers(Reyes, 1992). But even though it is really the right thing to have media as a tool to spread information to the reading and listening public, few Filipinos knew that there are laws which restrict some of the possible actions of the journalists when doing his/her work. Those few people are only those6who have knowledge on laws, then how about the ordinary people who, in reality, do not have any knowledge about such laws because they only gain knowledge from what the television brings to them? If the majority of the sovereign do not have any bearing to learn information other than through tv, then, in the case, is the truth being conce aled from us? And from our experience to Maguindanao massacre, press freedom and rights are oppressed in the most monstrous way killing, yet killing is not the only way to oppress the press freedom because there are laws which restrain that freedom in some situations. If so, why is it still stated on the constitution that no laws should shorten the press to the right of free speech?Limitations of the Press In a society, to see the misconception on a functioning country and to see the lies existing on it, the step to make is to express what is in the mind. Repression to freedom is only acceptable in spare times (Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). For example, if the people are to be informed about the depraveion of an official, the journalist shall advance first data to support his/her idea. But highlighting a corrupt official isnt that easy so the journalist shall have a great strategy like spying, eavesdropping, and even making his/her way to a cloak-and-dagger place. These ar e normally what a journalist will do, but he/she isnt aware that he/she is stepping into some offenses such as theft, robbery and trespass. Free speech is everyones right and freedom of the press is exercised in protecting every citizens right to know what his government is doing (Reyes, 1992) Another is all of us are paying our ITRs (Income Tax Returns) and because of this, everyone should know information on what the Bureau of inside Revenue is collecting from us. And, therefore, if a journalist will try to join information about these ITRs for the public to be7informed, he/she will again stepping to the law, which is on some aspect, a sort of national protective cover. But freedom of the press means that people has the right to know what is happening around them and its country, and to speak up what they want to tell the government. It is also the right of the people to have an entry to information. Moreover, journalists and media men exist just to serve the rights of the peop le (Reyes, 1992). Consequently, based on the peoples right to know what is happening in their government because the people are the sovereign (Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). In other way round, there are cases were the government puts tax on some give away works. But it is invalid in the case of putting tax on published works because, if do so, it will restrict such hebdomadary to have its freedom to disseminate information to the public (Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). In this case, journalists have the rights to comment freely on an issue, but have no right to do so for he/she must follow laws concerning his/her action (Coronel, 1991). Also, we all know that journalists chose voice communication with more striking impact to the readers that they would be more interested on the works the journalists have produce. And works of media overstate what the real story behind. It is their work to put great intensity on anything they produce and the impact of that intensity t o the people is the basis of their success in their handicraft (Braid, 2005). Moreover, press is an excellent source for the search of truth. Its impact to the people is merely for them to feel anger and thus, it is more likely to stay for many days, than the feel of having right(a) news for that day. Its good works are quite forget but its scandalous works long for many days in the memory of the readers (Gerald, 1948). But there are cases wherein journalists were impeach because he/she uses words like coward, savage, etc., and and writing and publishing an article containing the words coward, vile soul, dirty- 8sucker, savage, hog who always looks toward the ground is libel per se( Coronel, 1991). And libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime vice or desert a real or imaginary, act or omission, condition or status tending to cause dishonor, discredit of a person and even to blacken the memory of a dead person(Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). Media do, in conn ection with their profession, brings out works by chance without meanness, but unacceptably though. In this case, media should be quite careful in doing their right to publish (Coronel, 1991). in that location is also this Right to Reply Bill which was proposed by Senators Pimentel, Revilla Jr., and Escudero in social class 2008. According to this bill, all persons natural or juridical who are accused directly or indirectly of committing or having committed or of intending to commit any crime or offense defined by law or are criticized by innuendo, suggestion or rumor for any lapse in behavior in public or snobbish life shall have the right to rejoinder to the charges published or printed in newspapers, magazines, newsletters or publications circulated commercially or for free, or to criticisms aired or parcel out over radio, television, websites, or through any electronic device.This means that the person being attacked by the works of a journalist has the right to reply on tha t work of the journalist. That person could say that the journalist do not have the credibility of writing that issue to him/her. Moreover, he/she could not only go against the journalist but also to the newspaper who published it. But speech shall be free even though that law be written into the Constitution(Coronel, 1991). To sum it up, laws are made to limit the press to protect other rights in some situations. Libel laws are knowing to protect the name and character of a person national security laws, to9protect the very existence of the State obscenity laws, to protect the morals of society and contempt to efficient functioning of the judiciary and the legislative assembly(Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). These laws are really needed to have a healthy country and the researcher is aware of the benefits that these laws could bring. But the researcher is concerned mainly on the term freedom of the press thus having laws which restrict the journalists is the researchers prima ry difficulty because to dare abridge these indivisible freedoms, and in effect negate them, assaults human dignity(Reyes, 1992). And a more liberal atmosphere has made the media even more powerful in fosteringbringing public opinion to bear on politicians who once wheeled and dealed with impunity (Eng, 1997).Freedom of the Press to a Democratic Nation If freedom of the press will not be restrained as well as the freedom of the people, then democracy prevails on that country for free speech is indispensable to free government(Coronel, 1991). When a nation is controlled and its rights and those of the people, then democracy dies. After this instance, the right of the media men and of the people to speak out their opinions and thoughts are also been oppressed (Reyes, 1992). Having limitations provided by law concerning public officials could be said as anti-democratic. Those limitations are cannot be clear to the public. But in the sense of wanting to have a come apart nation, open and free discussions between individuals, and access to the government, are ways to know the underlying truths of a nation (Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). Moreover, in the search of truth, an unrestricted and untrammeled confabulation is needed for the ideas that made up a good conversation which came from the people whose concern matter (McCormick and MacInnes, 1962). And in a democratic country, it is expose to have means of communication between the10functioning government and its society. Choosing to have a newspaper than to have a government is what democracy really means, for newspaper is something where free discussion of thoughts could be seen (Salvilla, Penasales, Sornito, 1991). Going cover charge into the worry in the first place, the government is the one who made and current this laws which limit the press freedom, and the government must be doing this things just for their own sake. In addition to this reality, people accept these restrictions as necessary for their own benefits (Reyes, 1992). And this isnt new for all of us because of its transparency on our own government. And since the captain power is being held by the government, there are cases where it government uses its power to take actions opposed to individuals who freely gave their opinions without the government being analytical if their actions are under the international law (Reyes, 1992). Still, violence against newspeople remained significantly oppressivethere were more newspeople killed in the Philippines than in any other nation (Case, 1991). But this problem could be resolved. We may preserve freedom of speech by making no laws which restrict it. If repressive laws are passed they may be carefully circumscribed (Coronel, 1991). Moreover, free speech and press not as a separate entity deserving nurturing, but as part of a large processfree speech and press as contributing to good government (Chamberlin and Brown, 1982).Conclusion Press freedom doesnt mean that it is the freedom of the media establishments or other media members. And to defend for it is not only defending the freedom of this media men, but also defending the freedom of the people because all freedoms are being took care of the people11Yuyitung, 2000). But media people do not have the assurance that they will have their freedom every time, because the government is making laws that, for the eyes of ordinary people, are a good law to be implemented but if observed with critical eyes, is indeed a way to interfere with the freedom of the press itself (Malaya, B9+B15). And if the public restrict journalists freedom, the public restricts its own freedom( Reyes, 1992).Moreover, having freedom of speech and of the press in the Philippines means the people can freely express their thoughts and ideas. Consequently, it is true that those laws stated in the body of this paper are implemented to not violate other human rights. But, even if these limitations were good, to have those to restrain such freedom isnt freedom at all for freedom means no restrictions, no bound.Yes at that place is really freedom of the press existing here in the Philippines because the press still has their freedom to write, speak, and publish what is the truth. But still, concepts as a less-free press or a freer press(Reyes, 1992) do not exist. It is because the term freedom of the press has no comparative form for it is if and only if process to make love this right of free publication and also of free expression (Reyes, 1992). Then, even though the press can still express what they want to express, but on the other hand still has limitations, then we could be on one side only. Therefore, because of those limitations we have discussed before, freedom of the press do not exist.

Symbolism and Allusion in Maya Angelous My Arkansas Essay -- Maya Ang

Symbolism and Allusion in Maya Angelous My Arkansas             There is a deep brooding/ in Arkansas. Arkansas is stuck in the foregone, its memories of hatred and crime from ante-bellum geezerhood obstructive the progression towards Civil Rights. Maya Angelous rime of the struggle to a new swan of equality uses both general symbolism and historical allusion to make its bailiwick clear to the lecturer. The poem uses general symbolism in nature, in time, and historical allusion to make the theme clear in a concise hardly vibrant poem.   The general symbolism relating to nature assumes a common ass of knowledge from which symbolism preempt be built. The poem opens with a definition of Arkansas Old crimes like moss pend/ from poplar trees./ The sullen earth/ is more than too/ red for comfort. The first example of general symbolism in this passage is the reference to moss. Moss is considered the base of the forest, the lowest level from which all of the separate plants grow. Although moss is vital to a forest, it is often thought of as slimy and dirty. The moss pend(s) from poplar trees, our second natural symbol. The poplar tree is weak and useless. Nothing can be built from its wood, and it often bends and breaks during storms. The visual image of the moss clinging to the poplar tree shows the slimy moss as old crimes and the poplar tree as the frail attempt at growth and a new precisely weak beginning. The reader gets a clear sense of the struggle toward a new life that is hindered and held back by the old, dependable moss that has been and always leave alone be present. The second part of the passage discusses the sullen earth that is a lot too red. Red earth can be symbolic in two ... ...e. Finally at the end of the poem the historical allusion brings the poem to a complete closure, and the theme of starting fresh is put into a more specific context. The old hates and old crimes are ref erring to those against African-Americans in the days of slavery. the new beginning for Arkansas is the attempt to reach equality, leaving the past behind.   Today is yet to come in Arkansas. Reading Angelous poem shows the reader a new perspective on civil rights and its applicability in society. The use of general symbolism found in nature by the weak poplar tree hindered by moss and the cautious sun, paired with the historical allusion to the ante-bellum times make the theme of the poem clear. The past cannot be forgotten, and whitethorn hinder the future. Arkansas struggle toward the future writhes in awful/ waves of brooding of the past.  

Jihad - A Holy War Essay -- essays research papers

JihadIt was once a word unfamiliar to American ears. But in recent years it has become all as well familiar. The actions of Moslem competitorys and terrorists have se atomic number 18d the word into American consciousness.Yet stock-still with thousands of innocent civilians killed on American soil by Islamic terrorists, the full moon significance of the Muslim concept of jihad has non been grasped by the American public.In the days after September 11, 2001, American leaders hie to portray Islam as a nonbelligerent religion that had been "hijacked" by a fanatical band of terrorists. One hopes that these assurances were merely tacticalthat nobody was meant to debate them and that they were meant to assure the Muslim initiation that the inevitable American reprisals were not enjoin at their religion as a whole. If the world Muslim federation perceived America as attacking Islam in general therefore the duty of every Muslim to fight for his religionthe duty of jihad would have been invoked on a broad scale. The war against terrorism, instead of boil with occasional flare-ups, like the Cold War, would have boiled over into a global conflagration, with the Muslim countries of the world1.2 billion strongmobilizing against America and the West.Muslim apologists also rushed forward to assure the public that Islam was a peaceful religion. They disingenuously declared that the word Islam means "peace." And they tried to portray the terrorists as a fringe group egressside the mainstream of Islam.These were lies.The usual meaning of Islam in Arabic is not "peace" but "submission." And if the terrorists were so far outside the mainstream, why did Muslims all over the world burst into joyful, spontaneous celebrations when the hijacked jetliners slammed into the realism Trade Center and the Pentagon? Why are Islamic governments afraid to immortalise "too much" public support for the war against terrorism? Further, why ar e all the governments that covertly support terrorism centered in the Muslim world?The truth is that Islam is not a religion of peace. This is not to say that every Muslim is furious at heart. Many are not. Muslims have the same aspirations for living peaceful lives that people have the world over. But they also have the same potential for violence as others, and Islam as a religion and an ideology seeks to exploit that potential. Thoug... ...volutionary movements. The conflict with militant Islam may last a long timecenturies, potentiallysince scour if curing Muslim society of its violent tendencies is possible, it would involve ripping out or otherwise neutralizing a tendency that has dominated Muslim destination since the days of its founder.This is not an easy task, for Muslims willing to make the change would be portrayed as traitors to their religion, amid renewed calls to practice Islam in its original, pure, and more violent form in order to regain the favor of God. The signs of the times draw out that we are, indeed, in for a "clash of civilizations" that will be n any sketch nor bloodless.But what also is known is that God has a plan for memorial and that his grace can work miracles. It is yet possible thatthrough mavin means or anotherGod will bring roughly a more peaceful world in which militant Islam either is not a holy terror or nowhere near the threat that it is today.If this is to happen, our cooperation with Gods grace will require prayer, courage, resourcefulness, and a practical(prenominal) understanding of the threat we are facing. Until then there can be no illusions about Islam and its endless jihad.

Evil in The Picture of Dorian Gray: :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

Evil in The Picture of Dorian colourize The Picture Of Dorian Gray is yet another novel portraiture condemnable. The theme is very much reflected by the binds setting, plot structure and photo. It shows how individuals stool slowly deteriorate because of the evil lying within themselves. The evil of this book is the evil created by ones self and thrusted upon ones self. The power of greed and selfishness take everyplace Dorian Gray and create an fearful evil side to him. The middle eighteenth century was a very important era, specially in England. This period judged much upon appearance and status. Dorian was a very wealthy, good man with a very high status. He knew the very influential and rich people in his town as well. His beauty catch the world. Basil was inspired to draw his portrait in order to deliver his beauty and youth. Dorian recognised that as long as he remained tender he would be handsome. He dreaded the day that he would age slightly and start to form wrinkles and such ugly (in Dorians opinion) ugly things. He believed that that day would deprive him of triumphs that would result in him existence miserable. The class of evil within Dorian increases as the plot develops. By trade his soul for his youth, Dorian rids of the good inner(a) of himself. The plot proves to us that evil does actually lie within an individual. From the moment that he becomes forever young he begins to deteriorate. Even once he reached his epiphany and saw his evil through with(predicate) the portrait he simply denied seeing it and continued his malicious deeds. The characterisation of the book is one of the most important elements of this book. Dorian begins by being a very nave lad. He is very easily bendd by others especially his two new good friends Basil and professional Henry. Basil, the mountain lion of the portrait, influenced Dorian in more of a good, honest way. While Lord Henry, although not being evil himself , gave him a more evil brain wave on life. Both of them changed his life forever. How little they both knew what went on inside that man. Basil does not have any real direct influence on the youngster without

Teachers Shape Lives Through Words and Actions Essay -- Philosophy of

Teachers Shape Lives Through Words and Actions There was a instructor who paddled so hard that a child was bruised, a instructor who yelled so much that a child was broken, and a instructor who criticized so much that a child was hopeless. But, there was a teacher who loved so truthfully that a child smiled, and learn, and dreamed, and grew. Teachers shape lives. And the steering a teacher understands, instructs, and treats a student determines the shape of that life. This is a enormous responsibility that must be entered into with patience and love. This educational philosophy kitty be described through with(predicate) a discussion of the reputation of students, the spirit of chouseledge, the purpose of public education, methodology, and curriculum. There is much to be considered because the life of a child is priceless. First, let us look at the record of students. Students be human beings, just like the rest of the world, searchi ng for guidance, care, and acceptance. They may be born innocent as Rousseau believes, but by the time they infer to school, theyve been home with parents/guardians for years. Therefore, students are coming to school with many different characteristics and behaviors learned from home. Children are good imitators and their nature can be changed by the influences of the teacher and environment, as Rousseau demonstrated. Since a common denominator here is the fact that we are any humans, teachers need only to look inside themselves to understand the basic nature of the student and how that individual can be reached. Since humans are alone(p) in many ways, the nature of knowledge is relative. Some people are born with more intelligence than others, and some have been encourag... ...o science, social studies, history, art, and music. wellness and physical wellness should also begin at an early period in order to establish healthy choices for life. The subjects shou ld be interrelated and compel to the students by applying them to their everyday lives and interests, as pointed out by Pragmatist, George Herbert Meade. Teachers shape lives through words and actions. It is a great responsibility to show guidance, care, and acceptance to in all children and to inspire them to become the best that they can be. This philosophy has been discussed in the areas of the nature of students, the nature of knowledge, the purpose of public education, methodology, and curriculum. In order to help a child, I must teach, and be teachable. I must speak and listen. I must look into their eyes and understand. They must look into mine and know truth.

The Role of Wiglaf in Beowulf Essay -- Beowulf Wiglaf Essays

The Role of Wiglaf in Beowulf plainly minor character Wiglaf plays a central role in the resultant of Beowulf. A unseasoned knight who has never before seen battle, Wiglaf steps out front to help his lord, hero, and cousin Beowulf in a period of peril. With his failure in battle and resulting death, the narrator shows that Beowulf is, after all, a prideful and mortal macrocosm thus begins the transfer of heroic status from the old king to the young knight. The narrator argues that Wiglaf is worthy of his abruptly acquired status even though his intentions may seem questionable. The end of the poem devotes a significant amount of lines to communication spoken by Wiglaf, signifying his newly crucial role in his body politic and in the story. Inevitably, the noble youth progresses to a position of epic heroism, keep Beowulfs legacy and ful fill his figurative role as the treasurewon,/ bought and paid for by Beowulfs death (2843-2844). Beowulfs strength fails him for the first time when he confronts the dragon. As he loses the futile battle that he pridefully insists on fighting alone, the narrative breaks from Beowulfs peril and focuses on Wiglaf. With wise and limpid words, (2632) Wiglaf delivers a monologue in the poem rivaled in length and antecedent by Beowulf alone. Clearly, Wiglaf has something profound to add to the story as the narrator spends respectable time quoting his sentiments while Beowulf is trying to slay an angry dragon in the background. Like the knight in The Wanderer, Wiglaf recounts the happy days in the mead manor hall with longing, and wishes to serve his lord with all his strength. Without Beowulf, the knights would be displaced, lonely, and without purpose. To inspire his comra... ...m big and live (2837). Wiglaf has truly lived up to the poets and to Beowulfs expectations. Upon Beowulfs death, he says, I give thanks / that I behold this treasure here in front of me, / that I have bee n allowed to leave my people / so soundly endowed (2795-2798). As most of the gold ends up burning on the kings funeral pyre, it is likely that the treasure Beowulf speaks of is Wiglaf, himself. The young knight has prove his abilities and will certainly serve his people well. The poet explains that the treasure had been won, / bought and paid for by Beowulfs death (2843-2844). Wiglaf rises to the most significant role in the poem, as he achieves a level of heroism matched only by Beowulf in his younger years. He proves to be the treasure that compensates the kings death, filling the resulting void in his kingdom and in the narrative.

Understanding of the Self Essay -- Compare Contrast Psychology Essays

Understanding of the SelfINTRODUCTIONThe complaisant constructionist aspect holds the contemplate that the egotism is continuing shaped and reshaped by fundamental interactions with others and involvement in accessible and heathen activities (Wetherell & Maybin, 1996, p 220). Social constructionist is concerned with explicating the processes by which passel muster up to describe, explain, or otherwise account for the introduction (including themselves) in which they live(a) (Gergen, 1971). Thus, the friendly constructionist start implies that the self is shaped by brotherly interaction inside historical, cultural and social contexts. Social constructionists apply an analysis of social take which explain the self by means of social relations. Conversely, the psychodynamic perspective approach emphasises that very much of the self of what we be driven by is hidden forth in the unconscious and a battle for control takes place amongst the id, self-importance and s uperego. It is a very important come out as it suggests that our national representations of the world could be based on some innate propensities and these of lead are unconscious. This interrelationship between world and the unconscious seek to dilute that a self is produced finished the internalization of the introjections of external community (Thomas, 1996). The judge exit provide a brief introduction to the theory of the self as presented by both perspectives, then compare and evaluate the interpretation offered by them. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST AND PSYCHODYMIC PERSPECTIVEEthnographic accounts of incongruent cultures as provided by anthropologist are used to defend the argument that the self is socially constructed through enculturation processes (Sapsford, 1996). For example, Markus and Kitayama proposed that with the existence of social influence, there is a greater champion of self-sufficiency in western cultures as compared to the eastern (Wetherell & Maybin, 199 6). Therefore, the social constructionist point of put one over is that our personal private worlds are fused with our external environments social contact. On the other hand, the self will continue to develop through the purpose of multiple incorporations of social identities. Harre believes that this internalisation can occur through language, linguistic practices and conversations. Language can be used for internal symbolisation. (Wetherell and Maybin, 1996). In ... ...y. The contrary levels of analysis require different methods the social constructionist emphasizes on cultural studies of anthropologists whereas the psychodynamic focuses on psychoanalysis to explain subjective experiences. Both vox populis concur that internalisation of others is a vital aspect for the development of self identity operator, which in real point is not a unitary self but the buildup of the fragments of others. The social constructionists postulates that others are internalised through conv ersations and language influences, which leads to the generalization of others, to become internalised as our self identity. Mead and Vygotsky, even so do not propose that self identity is all actual from the external society, but instead attributes its development to the varying degrees of people interactions with the wider society. As such, our inner world is converged and dispersed to the wider society. On the other hand, the psychodynamic view recognizes that fragmentation of one self is unavoidable, which will stimulate unconscious disagreement, save to be dealt with defence mechanisms within. This will eventually produce a self identity which is either incomplete or distorted. Understanding of the Self Essay -- comparison Contrast Psychology EssaysUnderstanding of the SelfINTRODUCTIONThe social constructionist perspective holds the view that the self is continuing shaped and reshaped through interactions with others and involvement in social and cultural activities (Wetherell & Maybin, 1996, p 220). Social constructionist is concerned with explicating the processes by which people come to describe, explain, or otherwise account for the world (including themselves) in which they live (Gergen, 1971). Thus, the social constructionist approach implies that the self is shaped by social interaction within historical, cultural and social contexts. Social constructionists apply an analysis of societal level which explain the self through social relations. Conversely, the psychodynamic perspective approach emphasises that much of the self of what we are driven by is hidden away in the unconscious and a battle for control takes place between the id, ego and superego. It is a very important point as it suggests that our internal representations of the world could be based on some innate propensities and these of course are unconscious. This interrelationship between world and the unconscious seek to rationalise that a self is produced through the internalization of the introjections of external people (Thomas, 1996). The essay will provide a brief introduction to the theory of the self as presented by both perspectives, then compare and evaluate the explanation offered by them. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST AND PSYCHODYMIC PERSPECTIVEEthnographic accounts of incongruent cultures as provided by anthropologist are used to defend the argument that the self is socially constructed through socialisation processes (Sapsford, 1996). For example, Markus and Kitayama proposed that with the existence of social influence, there is a greater sense of autonomy in western cultures as compared to the eastern (Wetherell & Maybin, 1996). Therefore, the social constructionist point of view is that our personal private worlds are fused with our external environments social contact. On the other hand, the self will continue to develop through the utilization of multiple internalisations of social identities. Harre believes that this internalisati on can occur through language, linguistic practices and conversations. Language can be used for internal symbolisation. (Wetherell and Maybin, 1996). In ... ...y. The different levels of analysis require different methods the social constructionist emphasizes on cultural studies of anthropologists whereas the psychodynamic focuses on psychoanalysis to explain subjective experiences. Both views concur that internalisation of others is a vital aspect for the development of self identity, which in actual fact is not a unitary self but the buildup of the fragments of others. The social constructionists postulates that others are internalised through conversations and language influences, which leads to the generalization of others, to become internalised as our self identity. Mead and Vygotsky, however do not propose that self identity is totally developed from the external society, but instead attributes its development to the varying degrees of people interactions with the wider soci ety. As such, our inner world is converged and dispersed to the wider society. On the other hand, the psychodynamic view recognizes that fragmentation of one self is unavoidable, which will stimulate unconscious disagreement, only to be dealt with defence mechanisms within. This will eventually produce a self identity which is either incomplete or distorted.