Ational aconomy Essay

A interchangeable imperil is a p subterfugenership created by agreement betwixt the parties to share in the losings and profits of the imperil. But it is unlike a partnership in that the venture is for one specific project only, rather than for a continuing art relationship. If we speak to the highest degree two great artists Anrie Matisse and Pablo Picasso the idea about their adjunction venture could be expressed in the words History of victory or How they never operateed together but influenced upon each other. When Picasso met Matisse, his french was poor and he was not so experiencied as his older college.Fernande Olivier state Matisse, beaucoup plus age, serieux circonspect, navait pas les idees de Picasso. Pole Nord et Pole Sud , disait-il en parlant deux deux. He characterized Matisse in those words Le type du grand maitre visage aux traits reguliers, a la forte barbe doree, Matisse etait sympathique. Il semblait cependant se derober derriere ses grosses lune ttes, reservant l boldness de son regard mais parlant longuement des quon lentreprenait sur la peinture. Il discutait , affirmait, voulait convaincre.Il avait deja pres de 45 ans, tres maitre de lui a lencontre de Picasso, timide, toujours un peu maussade et gene dans ces sortes de reunions. Matisse brillait et simposait. Ils etaient les deux artistes de qui on attendait le plus. Leo Stein, collector and mecenate said that disorder and junk (le desordre et la poussiere) was usual medium for Picasso versa order and calms (lordre et le calme) for Matisse. They were competitors but they were were friendly competitors. Matisses focus was color and lines while Picasso countersink form above all.And it is so strange to read words of around art experts (Robert Rosenblum) about their competition This is like the heavyweight championship of the art world like the battle of the titans, like the Montagues and Capulets. One of the exciting things about it is the friction, the rivalry, the g ive and take. Well, what art production was the result of two or a lot artists working together as a joint venture? historically the basic mental testples of joint venture were seven wonders of the antique world.I hindquarters not recollect names of all authors of the Great Pyramids at Giza, the hiatus Gardens at Babylon, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the lusus naturae of Rhodes and the Pharos (Lighthouse) at Alexandria. Nobody can. But I should try. The biggest and the most fortunate project is Khufus pyramide. So, what parties we have in this joint venture? manufacturing business and general theatre director Great King Pharao Khufu. Architect and executive director Khimeun. Other participanys hundreds of unknown artists.Tourists want to look at this specimen of ancient art and they ready to pay for this pleasure. Some kinds of arts are syntetic by their nature. Like opera, which is a drama set to music a nd made up of vocal pieces with orchestral accompaniment and orchestral overtures and interludes (www. m-w. com). So several persons embark in developing opera composer and conductor (music), writer (libretto), scenograph and director (performance). triumph of the performance depends not only on music or school text but on every participant. Painters usually work independently.da Vinci da Vinchi made picture Babtize of Christ (Andre Veronezes workshop) to be more pricey when he put his helping hand to an angel and landscape. But when schoolgirlish Leonardo worked with Veroneze he was only his apprentice. Some artists created consortium which became brend name of their production. Soviet caricaturists Kupriyanov Mikhail, Krilov Porfiri and Sokolov Nikolay were teamed up during second world war and their caricaturs signed as KUKRINIKSI. Work in harmony is ideal. But artist team creates atmosphere of inspiration which helped individuals to score true chedevre.This was a projec t conceived of with joy and optimism, it was carried out with faith and relish faith that we could, as a team, work collectively to create something much greater than each of us individually and love because thats wherefore we make street depictions we love what we do. these words of participant of street painting festival demonstrated advantages of team work and joint venture in the art. So, the oldest story is relationship of master and apprentice. The apprentice system, through which new artists lettered the trade ensured that styles of art were continued from master to apprentice.An apprenticeship was an obligation of future catamount members and normally lasted from four to six years. This period spent in a recognized master painters workshop insured the young artist a thorough familiarization with the complexities of his craft. Laborious task like hand grinding of mineral paints was often left to the apprentice. In the masters studio the apprentice was exposed to the ma ny thoughts, opinions and artistic theories which circulated with great smoothness from one artists studio to the others. Painters studios were often lively places frequented by artist, patrons and men of culture.Animated artistic debates as well as exchanges of reading concerning the art market were the norm. The apprentice, within the lacuna of a few years, was personally exposed to an endless stream of ideas and information which passed every day through the masters studio. He was allowed to work on the less burning(prenominal) areas of the masters own paintings such as large areas of unmodulated color or monotonous areas of foliage in the background. The master closely followed his pupils progress and correct him when needed. Some extremely talented artists were able to leave the masters studio within a few years.Rembrandt progressed so rapidly that he already had pupils of his own at the age of 21. An apprentices first tasks were humble sweeping, running errands, preparin g the wooden panels for painting, and grinding and mixing pigments. As the apprentices skills grew, he would begin to learn from his master drawing sketches, copy paintings, casting sculptures, and assisting in the simpler aspects of creating art works. The best students would assist the master with important commissions, often painting background and minor figures while the Master pied the main subjects.The few apprentices who showed amazing skill could eventually become master themselves. A very few became greater artists than their masters. As the apprentices skills improved he worked on the more complex areas such as drapery and the secondary objects seen in the painting. Once the apprentice had gained sufficient mastery, he was allowed to conceive and execute his own paintings, but could neither sign nor parcel out them. This could be done only after he had undergone the entrance exam of the guild. Another advantage of being a guild member was authority to sell paintings of other artists as well in order to outgrowth his earnings.Its very difficult to call this relationship true joint venture. But we could find some parallels in the modern business. For example iFIDs. com is a joint-venture partnership between Thunder Bay International Airport Inc. and air power InterTech. iFIDs. com came about when the airport went looking for a flight information intro system for the terminal to fit their budget and Aviation InterTech came up with a low-cost Internet-based solution. Another axample the joint venture have been formed recnetly between BBC Worldwide Americas Inc. (BBCWA) and New York merchant banking firm Veronis Suhler.The venture pull up stakes initially focus on acquiring consumer lifestyle and informational issue properties with cross-media expansion potential. It compound the BBCs existing and future North American businesses in publishing including video, books and magazines. The 50/50 joint venture is being capitalized at $ one C million of equity, with significant purchasing power beyond this. The company will be managed jointly by both partners. You see joint venture in the art is always virtual. But JV in the business is very important part of world and national aconomy.

Mercury Effect on Seed Germination

MERCURY EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF capsicum pepper name annuum SEEDS NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN bachelor OF SCIENCE (Hons. ) TECHNOLOGY AND PLANTATION MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI mara JULY 2012 MERCURY EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF genus genus common pepper annuum SEEDS NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN nett Year Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the tip of live of Science (Hons. ) engineering and Plantation Management In the module of Plantation and AgrotechnologyUniversiti Teknologi MARA JULY 2012 DECLARATION This Final Year Project is a partial fulfilment of the requirements for a degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is entirely my own deed and has not been submitted to e very(prenominal) other University or luxuriouslyer education institution, or for any other academic award in this University. Where use has been made of the work of other people it has been fully acknowledged and fully referenced.I hereby destine all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), which henceforth shall be the owner of copyright in this Work and that, any fostering or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without a written acquiesce of UiTM. Candidates signature Date NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN discover .I hereby concord that I bewilder checked this project and in my opinion, this project is comme il faut in terms of scope and fictional character for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA. Signature DR. TSAN FUI YING Name of Supervisor .. SENIOR LECTURER Position . Date . ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulliah and praise be to Allah for the guidance and b littleing, I was able to complete this final socio-economic class project.First of all, I would like to educe my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Tsan Fui Ying, for her guidance, advice, encouragement, approximate criticisms and withal for he r patience in guiding me throughout final year project. My finical thanks from the bottom of my heart go to my p arnt s and my siblings for their apprehensiveness and support during my read in UiTM. Lastly, I would to a fault like to express my special thanks to all my friends who were directly or indirectly winding in giving their ideas, advice, criticism, and moral support throughout the project. Thank you very much. NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN ii defer OF CONTENTS scalawag ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CHAPTER 1 intromission 1. 1 Background Of black pepper annuum 1. 2 Value Of white pepper annuum 1. 3 Background of the enceinte alloy 1. 4 reference sprouting and ingathering 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 Problem Statement accusative Of Study Signifi whoremongerce Of Study chain Of Study 1 2 4 4 5 6 6 6 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Source of concentrated surface 2. 2 Inhibition of seminal fluided player sprouting Env contractmental consummation 2. 3 7 9 12 3 MATERIAL AND METHOD 3. 1 localisation principle of study . 2 Test Material 3. 3 Experimental surgery 3. 4 Data accrual 3. 5 Experimental design 3. 6 Statistical summary 3. 7 Work instrument 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 4 RESULTS AND countersign 17 5 CONCLUSION 20 21 24 34 CITED REFERENCES APPENDICES CURRICULUM VITAE iv LIST OF FIGURES icon Caption Page 4. 1 sprouting of C. annuum ejaculates subsequently preaching with HgCl2 17 4. 2 Seed sprouting at the 10th day with HgCl2 manipulation at 25mg/l 18 v LIST OF TABLES Table Caption 1. 1 Raw chile peppers (C. annum), nutrient honor per ascorbic acid g 3. 1 Work schedule for the study on sprouting and developing of C. nnuum subsequent ly masking of HgCl2 at dissimilar slow-wittednesss Germination and harvesting of C. annuum after discussion withHgCl2 4. 1 Page vi 3 16 18 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UiTM Universiti Teknologi MARA Hg hydrargyrum HgCl2 Mercury chloride mg/l milligram per liter cm Centimeter vii ABSTRACT Mercury Effect on Germination and Growth of capsicum annuum Seeds A study was carried out to determine the sprouting and developing of Capsicum annuum after application of atomic number 80 chloride (HgCl2) at various concentrations. This study was conducted at Laboratory A603, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam.A total of 600 C. annuum authors were use in this study. A total of 5 different concentration s of HgCl2 (0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) were applied in this study. The handlings were carried out by means of applying the chemical to the authors on root word towel in Petri dishes. The application volume was 2 ml per Petri dish at a lternate years unless the story towel was still moist with the previous application of resoluteness. The selective information in terms of spill down germination and suppuration, included length of basis and plumule, were save.This study was based on Complete Randominized Design (CRD) with 5 replicates for each treatment. All the info were subjected to Analysis of mutant (ANOVA) and treatment means were comp atomic number 18d victimization Tukeys Simultaneous Test. The germination and egress of C. annuum was importantly rivaled by the concentration of the concentrated metal under study, especially with concentration ? 50 mg/l. Radical growth was set in motion more sensitive to the mien and concentration of HgCl 2 as comp ard to plumule with this fruit vegetable species. viii ABSTRAK Kesan Merkuri terhadap Percambahan dan PertumbuhanBiji Benih Capsicum annuum Satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menentukan percambahan dan pertumbuhan biji benih Capsicum annuum selepas aplikasi merkuri klorida (HgCl2) pada kepekatan yang berbeza. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Makmal A603, Fakulti Perladangan dan Agroteknologi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam. Sebayak 600 biji benih telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sebanyak 5 kepekatan HgCl2 (0 (kawalan), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Rawatan ke atas biji benih adalah dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pada biji benih yang diletakkan di atas tuala kertas dalam piring Petri.Isipadu aplikasi ialah 2 ml bagi setiap piring Petri dan rawatan diulang pada selang 2 hari kecuali tuala kertas masih lembap dengan larutan sebelumnya. Data mengenai percambahan biji benih dan pertumbuhan, termasuk panjang akar dan pucuk, dicatatkan. Kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan Rekabentuk Rambang Lengkap (CRD) dengan 5 kali pengulangan bagi setiap rawatan. Semua data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan purata rawatan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan Tukeys Simultaneous Test. Percam bahan dan pertumbuhan C. annuum dipengaruhi dengan ketaranya oleh kepekatan logam berat yang dikaji, terutamanya pada kepekatan ? 0 mg/l. Pertumbuhan akar didapati lebih sensitif kepada kehadiran dan kepekatan HgCl2 berbanding dengan pucuk untuk spesis sayuran buah ini. ix CHAPTER 1 adit 1. 1 Background of Capsicum Capsicum annuum is a member of the family family Solanaceae and a class of Dicotyledons. It is commonly known as Chili. Capsicum contains last measuring of nutritive value such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), A, B-complex and E along with minerals like molybdenum, manganese, folate, potassium and thiamine. Capsicum contains seven times more vitamin C than o telescope (Simone et al. , 1997).Capsicum terminology is quite confusing, the terminology is synonymously utilize for chilli pepper whole works lifes called such as pepper, chili, chile, chilli, aji, paprika and Capsicum. There atomic number 18 thought to be 25-30 Capsicum species with five different names, such as C. annuum L. , C. frustescens Mill. , C. baccatum L. , C. chinense and C. pubescens Ruiz and Pavon, which have been domesticated and currently cultivated (Csillery, 2006). Capsicum is the roughly general and widely cultivated species in subtropics and temperate countries (Belletti et al. , 1998). The scientific mixed bag of C. nnuum is as below 1 Kingdom Plantae Plants Class class Dicotyledonae Dicotyledons Subclass Asteridae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Potato family Genus Capsicum L. Pepper Species Capsicum annuum L. cayenne pepper Although the species name annuum means annual (from Latin annus year), the form is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts, it can survive several seasons and grow into large perennial shrub. The si ngle f trim backs are of off-white ( sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and the plant can grow up to 60 centimeter tall.The fruit is pluck which whitethorn be green, yellow and red when ripe. Whi le the species can persist most climates, C. annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates (Anonymous, 2012b). 1. 2 Value of capsicum Capsicums have their own benefits and values to human beings. As we know, capsicums are used in cooking and also as medicines. Capsicum is an indispensable spice used as basic ingredient in a great variety of cuisine all over the world. It is also used as flavoring, colorant and adds tang and taste to the otherwise insipid fare. Moreover, Capsicum species are employed whole 2 r ground and plainly or in combination with other flavorings agents, primarily in the pickles, poached or barbeques (Ravishankar et al. , 2003). Table 1. 1 Raw chili peppers (C. annum), nutrient value per 100 g Principle food Value Percentage of RDA expertness 40 Kcal 2% Carbohydrates 8. 81 g 7% Protein 1. 87 g 3% Total Fat 0. 44 g 2% cholesterol 0 mg 0% Dietary Fiber 1. 5 g 3% Vitamins Folates 23 mcg 6% Niacin 1. 244 mg 8% Pantothenic acid 0. 201 mg 4% Pyridox ine 0. 506 mg 39% lactoflavin 0. 086 mg 6. 5% Thiamin 0. 72 mg 6% Vitamin A 952 IU 32% Vitamin C 143. 7 mg 240% Vitamin E 0. 69 mg 4. % Vitamin K 14 mcg 11. 5% Electrolytes Sodium 9 mg 0. 5% Potassium 322 mg 7% Minerals Calcium 14 mg 1. 5 % Copper 0. 129 mg 14% Iron 1. 03 mg 13% Magnesium 23 mg 6% Manganese 0. 187 mg 8% Phosphorus 43 mg 6% Selenium 0. 5 mcg 1% Zinc 0. 26 mg 2% Phyto-nutrients Carotene-? 534 mcg -Carotene-? 36 mcg -Cryptoxanthin-? 40 mcg -Lutein-zeaxanthin 709 mcg -Source USDA National Nutrient data base (Anonymous, 2012a) 3 1. 3 Background of hefty metal match to Thomine et al. (2000), metals such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are necessary as co-factors for many enzymatic reactions.Some metals, such as surface (Zn), play important structural roles in proteins. Furthermore, metal cations have recently been shown to be involved in signaling in animals and plants. According to Ghavri and Singh (2010) in terms of stabilizing contaminated sites, a l ower metal concentration in stem is preferred in order to prevent metal from entering into ecosystem. However, plants also withdraw to control against excessive collecting of substantial cations and cyanogenetic heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd2+), lead, quicksilver, and arsenic.When taken up in excessive quantities, these genes are transferred in the food chain where they may have adverse readys on the health of humans and animals. non-buoyant metals can enter the food chain via plant uptake (Chayed, 2009). According to Mami (2011) from Guilan University, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran, heavy metals have recently received the tutelage of researchers all over the world, in the first place due to also their harmful accomplishment on plant. 1. 4 Seed germination and growth According to the reference physiologists, germination is defined as the emergence of the understructure through the bug coat.Basic requirements for germination include piss, gases, temperature an d moisture availableness. 4 According to Vera et al. (2010), exposure to awake and to low pH promotes germination and reduces time to germinate, which indicates that germination is link up to passing game of fire and to grunge pH. Germination is also correlated with wet and stone-cold conditions and dormancy can be classified as being the physiological type. In addition, it well known that temperature, light conditions, nitrates or hormonal treatment may also affect germination. In an test conducted by Koger et al. 2004), Caperonia palustris seeds from by nature dehisced with predominant dark gray color were ex comprise to pre chilling in attempts to break any dormancy mechanism imposed on seed kept at room temperature. Results showed that pre chilling did not release dormancy. Seed germinated with fluctuating 12-h light/dark and constant dark conditions. Seed germination test using buffer settlements of pH 4 to 10 recorded germination of 31 to 62% over a pH range from 4 to 10. weighed down metals may also affect seed germination, mainly believed to be attri exclusivelyed to toxicity effects. They can be hazardous because they cannot be estroyed or despoiled but they are bio stash away. 1. 5 Problem statement Capsicum annuum is a kind of fruit vegetable most commonly consumed and its ware is of concerned. Like other crops, Capsicum needs to control against excessive accumulation of essential cations and toxic heavy metals for seed tuition and business. The heavy metals may cause a negative effect to the seed germination and growth. 5 1. 6 Objective of study The experiment was conducted by considering the objectives of study as below 1. To determine the mercury effect on germination of C. nnuum seeds. 2. To hatch the mercury effect on subsequent initial seedling growth of C. annuum after seed germination. 1. 7 Significance of study This study is important to keep open and determine the mercury effect on germination and growth of C. annuum seeds. The way out from this study is hoped to provide information on germination and growth of C. annuum seeds as moved(p) by mercury concentration in realm, e. g. ex-mining realms. 1. 8 Scope of Study The experiment conducted to identify the concentration of mercury that may affect germination and growth of C. nnuum seeds involved the seed extraction from fruits, seed treatment with mercury chloride (HgCl2), seed germination recording, beat of length of tooth root and plumule, data analysis and report writing. 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Source of heavy metal There are many sources of heavy metals in obscenity including immanent sources e. g. territory parent material, volcanic eruptions, leatherneck aerosols, and forest fires bucolic sources e. g. fertilizers, sewage sludge, pesticides and irrigation water energy and fuel production sources e. g. emissions from power stations mining and smelting e. . tailing, smelting, refining and transportation (Reichman, 2002). It is generally authentic that heavy metal defilement can not only depart in adverse effects on various parameters relating to plant pure tone and yield, but also cause changes in the size, composition and activity of the injury microbial community (Giller et al. , 1998). Heavy metals might accumulate in the food chains, with risks for the health of animals and humans, which are less sensitive to metal toxicity than plants, but they are capable of concentrating heavy metal in plastered tissues and variety meat (Peralta et al. 2001). The influence of metals on development and reproduction of plants can be firstly quantified by determining the germination traits of seeds and growth performance of seedling. In the movement of laid-back concentrations of some heavy metals, most plant species performe the reduction of seed germination and seedling growth (Patra and Sharma, 2000). 7 The high metal contents send word the potential for heavy metal accumulation and phytotoxicity for crops grown in soils receiving the metal enriched sewage sludge.Hence, it will limit its application on state of matter, because of the stringent regulations for land application of heavy metals i n the form of sewage (Wong et al. , 2001). The high heavy metal contents might pose a toxic effect to plants and cause heavy metal accumulation in plant tissues (Wong et al. , 2001). Many of those who performed short-term laboratory studies also discuss ed their results in relation to pull rounding regulations for heavy metals in soils, or the possible effect of the agricultural use of metal-contaminated products such as sewage sludge, animal manures and fungicides (Giller et al. 1998). The scattering of heavy metals in the organs of plants is not homogenous it depends on the species and the element (Kozanecka et al. , 2002). The application of cow dung in wasteland soil not only provided nutrients for plant growth, but also stabilized the metal in the soil and reduced metal toxicity to the plant (Ghavri and Singh, 2010). According to Longman (2006), mercury is a heavy silver white poisonous metal that is tranquil at ordinary temperature and it is a chemical element type is Hg. It is a pervasive pollutant that accumulates in organisms and is highly toxic.Elemental mercury is efficiently transported as a gas around the 8 globe, and even remote areas show manifest of mercury pollution originating from industrial sources such as power plants (Morel et al. , 1998). Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that is of significant concern as an environmental pollutant since mercury is not very phototoxic in normally occurring concentrations. In polluted regions, mercury is a non -degradable toxic heavy metal pollutant when it is accumulated by plants. The information is scare about its uptake mechanism and growth forbidding. There are a wide range of sources that emit mercury to the atmosphere.Approximately half of the atmospheric budget of vapor-phase mercury is attributed t o anthropogenic sources and half to natural source (Nriagu, 1989) The accumulation of mercury in terrestrial plants increases with increasing soil mercury concentration. Soil type has considerable influence on this process, i. e. high organic matter content will decrease uptake. Generally, the highest concentrations of mercury are comprise at the roots, but translocation to other organs occurs. In severalise to higher(prenominal) plants, mosses are known to take up mercury via atmospheric deposition (Boening, 2000).The characterization of mercury uptake showed that mercury binding is underage on initial pH, agitation speed, amount of dosage and also the fundamental interaction between pH and contact time (Ling, 2010). 2. 2 Inhibition of seed germination According to Longman (2006), seed is a small, hard object produced by plants, from which a new plant of the same kind grows. Poor quality seeds suffer from following problems of low germination office, abject 9 emergence, poor s urvival, and poor adaptability to site, susceptible to disease and pests, poor growth, and low productivity (Anonymous, 2011a).The characteristics of good seeds are well ripened, healthy and true to type, pure and free from unmoving materials and weed seeds, viable and have good germination capacity, uniform in its texture, structure and appearance, and free from damage and should not be broken and inflect by pests and diseases (Anonymous, 2011a). Seed germination is defined as the emergence and development from seed embryo of those essential structures, which are indicative of the ability of seed to produce a normal plant under favorable conditions (Anonymous, 2011a).Seeds need to be handled carefully to avoid damage to the embryo. Rough handling at threshing time can result in a lower voice of germination. Actual tests are made at intervals to insure a good percentage of germination. Many seeds will germinate in a week or two or three weeks, but some seeds may take weeks or even years until barriers to germination are removed (Butterfield, 1967). Although seeds are rather similar in structure and in the same taxonomic family, their germination patterns are quite different (McDonald, 2011).Seeds exist in a state of dormancy, absorbing oxygen, giving off ascorbic acid dioxide, and slowly using up their stored food reserves during germination (Rindels, 1996). all(prenominal) viable seed has the potential to become a plant. For this to happen, the seed must germinate, and for germination to occur, a seed 10 essentially needs water (during absorption and subsequent stages of growth), oxygen (for respiration) and temperature adequate for metabolism and growth. Some seeds also require light and therefore must be on the soil surface in order to germinate, and not buried beneath the soil surface (McDonald, 2011).A general statement was made that percent of germination or p ercent of viable seeds of Rumex scutatus drop over time as a result of exposure to environ mental conditions (Yilmaz and Aksoy, 2007). Some seeds have certain chemicals inside them to which prevent their germination, while some seeds may not have well developed embryo and require storage for a some weeks before germination can take place (Anonymous, 2011a). Some seeds manifest deep physiological dormancy with a very low germination percentage and they need a long time to start germination (Vera et al. , 2010).Heavy metals of Zn and ZnO particles were observed to have significant proscription on seed germination and root growth (El-Temsah and Joner, 2010). The decrease in the value of germination percentage and germination list of the seed caused by the increased amount of metallic compound indicates that at a lower concentration, the contaminant posed little or no harm on the seed viability but in higher train, germination is retarded (Jaja and Odoemena, 2004). In the presence of heavy metals at certain concentrations, the fundamental of Arabidopsis thaliana protrud ed from testa, but the embryo growth was arrested beyond the point (Li et al. 2005). Although the seed coat provides some protection from metal stress prior to germination, it will eventually 11 crack or become more permeable upon germination. The current literature suggests that seed germination is affected by metals in two ways. Firstly, by their general toxicity, and secondly are by their inhibition of water uptake (Kranner and Colville, 2011). The seed impairment caused by organic mercurials to cereals was characterized by anomalous germination. The primary effect of mercury could possibly be on the embryo itself, and effects on the endosperm were of second-string importance (Patra and Sharma, 2000). . 3 environmental effect Salinity reduced germination percentage and also delayed the germination rate as the season level was increased. The germination rate, germination index and coefficient of velocity of germination of shnorr sorghums decreased under salinity treatments. The germination percentage was a maximal in distilled water, but decreased with increasing salinity (Siti Aishah et al. , 2010). The pH of soil plays a great role in the speciation and bio-availability of heavy metals thus the uttermost allowable con centrations in soil vary with soil (Luo et al. , 2011).The percentage germination was low at acidic as well as alkaline conditions in both the sets of scarified and unscarified Solanum nigrum seeds. It was observed that neutral pH plays in an important role in increasing germination (Suthar et al. , 2009). 12 Erica australis had increased seed germination in response to factors related to passage of fire and low pH (Vera et al. , 2010). Caperonia palustris seed germination was less than 32% at pH 4 and 10. High seed germination over a broad pH range indicated that pH may not be a limiting factor for germination in most soils (Koger et al. , 2004).The addition of lime caused a significant increase in soil pH providing an alkaline buff ering capacity against heavy metal availability for the acid loamy soil while without liming the acidic soil may cause a lowering of the alkalinity of sludge resulting in a higher availability of heavy metals (Wong et al. , 2001). 13 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 attitude of the study This study was conducted at Laboratory A603, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. 3. 2 Test material Capsicum annuum fully ripe fruits were purchased from local foodstuff and a total of 600 seeds were extracted from the fruits.The seeds were cleaned with running tap water, pat dried with paper towel and air dried for two age prior to experimentation. 3. 3 Experiment procedure 3. 3. 1 Sterilization of seed Seeds were rinsed with 10% Chlorox followed by 3 times rinsing with distilled water. 3. 3. 2 Treatment Seeds were germinated in enwrap Petri dishes on paper towel containing HgCl2 solutions at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/l respectively. The paper towel w as moistened with 2 ml of the respective HgCl 2 solution before the seeds were placed on the paper towel for germination test. The paper towel was applied with 2 ml of the 14 espective mercury solution at alternate days unless the paper towel was still found moist with the previous application of solution. 3. 4 Data collection The germination/emergence of the seedling ( fore and plumule) was recorded for a period of 10 days. Then, the length of the radical (primary root) and plumule (primary shoot) was measured at two days after germination. The other abnormal morphology, growth and development of seedlings were also recorded. 3. 5 Experimental design The experiment was based on completely randomized design (CRD) as it is the most commonly used design for laboratory research.This experiment was arranged in a CRD as a single factor experiment with 5 replicates. There were 20 seeds in each replicate. 3. 6 Statistical analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and treatment means were compared using Tukeys Simultaneous Test. Germination percentage was transformed to arc-sine value before ANOVA. 3. 7 Work schedule This study was conducted starting from January 2011 until July 2011 (Table 3. 1). It involved extraction and cleanup of seeds, air drying of seeds, sterilization procedure, and treatment with HgCl2, data collection and data 15 analysis.At the end of this study, project report was presented orally and the written final report was submitted. Table 3. 1 Work schedule for the study on germination and growth of C. annuum after application of HgCl2 at various concentrations Weeks activities 2 arrangement of material / / 8 10 / 12 14 / / / Data collection 6 / Treatment 4 Data analysis Oral demo / Submission of report / 16 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Figure 4. 1 indicates the germination of C. annuum seeds treated with varying concentrations of HgCl2. Capsicum annuum seed germination was significantly affected by treatment with HgCl2 up to 100 mg/l (Figures 4. and 4. 2 Table 4. 1 Appendices A and B). Seeds treated ? 50 mg/l HgCl 2 showed significantly lower germination percentage and germination index as compared to the control seeds treated with distilled water and those treated with lower HgCl 2 at 25 mg/l. This trend was visible from 4 days after germination onwards until end of the study period of 10 days. Figure 4. 1 Germination of C. annuum seeds after treatment with HgCl2 17 Figure 4. 2 Seed germination at the 10th day with HgCl2 treatment at 25mg/l Table 4. 1 Germination and growth of C. annuum after treatment withHgCl2 HgCl2 mg/l) Germination % Germination index Length of radical (cm) Length of plumule (cm) 0 1000 a 5. 410. 84 a 1. 750. 11 a 0. 770. 07 a 25 956. 12 a 5. 380. 59 a 1. 230. 07 b 0. 700. 06 ab 50 569. 62 b 3. 080. 73 b 0. 950. 08 c 0. 580. 11 b 75 496. 52 b 3. 160. 66 b 0. 610. 02 d 0. 360. 01 c 100 289. 08 c 1. 900. 54 b 0. 470. 02 e 0. 330. 11 c supposes with the same letter within the same pillar are not sign ificantly different at 5% level of significance All HgCl2 treatments ranging from 25 100 mg/l as studied resulted in significant inhibition of radical growth (Table 4. Appendi ces B and C). Growth inhibition of 18 radical increased significantly and simultaneously with increasing HgCl 2 concentration indicating that radical was very sensitive to this heavy metal. found on Table 4. 1, plumule growth of C. annuum seeds was also affected significantly by the HgCl2 treatment (Appendices B and D). Plumule growth was less sensitive to this heavy metal only those treated at higher rates of 75 and 100 mg/l showed significantly the greatest inhibition effects. Heavy metal of mercury was found to affect the germination and growth of C. nnuum seeds. Based on the results, mercury at 50 mg/l was found to retard seed germination in terms of germination percentage and germination index. This concentration of mercury also affected development of radical and plumule in terms of length of the orga ns. perniciousness caused by the under study heavy metal at concentration of 50 mg/l was presumed to result in obvious reduced seed germination and inhibition of growth of seedlings of C. annuum. 19 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Seed germination and growth of C. annuum seedlings were affected with HgCl2 at 50 mg/l.Reduced seed germination and inhibition of seedling growth were recorded with this treatment and higher concentration of HgCl2. The seeds of this fruit vegetable can be concluded to be sensitive to mercury contamination. 20 CITED REFERENCES Anonymous. (2012a). Chili peppers nutrition facts. Retrieved 20 may 2012, from http//www. nutrition-and-you. com/chili-peppers. hypertext markup language Anonymous. (2012b). PLANTS Profile Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum cayenne pepper Retrieved 20 May 2012, from http//plants. usda. gov/java/profile? symbol=CAAN4 Anonymous. (2011a). Seed technology.Retrieved 21 September 2011, from http//ifs. nic. in/rt/main/courses/seed_tech. pdf Belletti, P. , Marzachi, C. & Lanteri, S. (1998). Flow cytometric measurement of nuclear DNA content in Capsicum (Solanaceae). Plant taxonomic and Evolution 209 85-91. Boening, D. W. (2000). Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury a general review. Chemosphere 401335-1351. Butterfield, H. M. , (1967). Seed germination. California Horticultural Society Journal 28(2)1-9. Retrived 20 May 2012 from http//www. calhortsociety. org/ Bulletins/journal-articles/seed-germination. html Chayed, N. F. (2009).Determination of Heavy Metal Uptake by Acacia magnium Grown in Ex-mining Area in Kg Gajah, Perak. Universiti Teknologi MARA. Csillery G. (2006) Pepper taxonomy and the botanical description of the species, Acta atomic number 18 Hung. 5 151-166. El-Temsah, Y. S. , & Joner, E. J. (2010). Impact of Fe and Ag nanoparticles on seed germination and differences in bioavailability during exposure in aqueous suspension and soil. Environmental Toxicology inside 10. 1002/tox. Ghavri, S. V. , & Singh, R. P. (2010). Phytotranslocation of Fe by biodiesel plant Jatropha curcas L. grown on iron rich wasteland soil. Braz. J. Physiol. 22(4) 235243.Giller, K. E. , Witter, E. , & McGrath, S. P. (1998). Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial processes in agricultural soils A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30(10/11) 1389-1414. Jaja, T, E. , & Odoemena, C. S. I. (2004). Effect of Pb, Cu and Fe compounds on the germination and early seedling growth of tomato varieties. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 8(2) 51-53. 21 Koger, C. H. , Reddy, K. N. , & Poston, D. H. (2004). Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris). Weed Science 52 989-995. Kozanecka, T. , Chojnicki, J. , & Kwasowski, W. (2002).Content of heavy metals in plant from pollution-free regions. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 11(4) 395-399. Kranner, I. , & Colville, L. (2011). Metals and seeds Biochemical and molecular implications and their signific ance for seed germination. Environmental and Experinmental Botany. 72(1) 93-105 Li, W. , Khan, M. A. , Yamaguchi, S. & Kamiya, Y. (2005). Effect of heavy metal on seed germination and early seedling growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regulation 46 45-50. Ling, T. , Fangke, Y. , & Jun, R. (2010). Effect of mercury to seed germination, coleoptile growth and root elongation of intravenous feeding vegetable.Research Journal of Phytochemistry 4(4) 225-233. Longman (2006). Dictionary of Comtemporary English. Pearson Education Limited 1950. Luo, C. , Liu, C. , Wang, Y. , Liu, X. , Li, F. , Zhang, G. , & Li, X. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, south China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186(1) 481-490. Mami, Y. , Ahmadi, G. , Shahmoradi, M. , & Gorbani, H. R. (2011). crop of different concentration of heavy metals on the seed germination and growth of tomato. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5(6) 42 0-426. McDonald, M. B. 2011). Physiology of Seed Germination. Retrieved 23 November 2011, from http//seedbiology. osu. edu/HCS631_files/4A%20Seed%20germination. pdf Morel, F. M. , Kraepiel, A. M. , & Amyot, M. , (1998). The chemical cycle and accumulation of mercury. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29 54-566. Nriagu, J. O. (1989). A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. constitution 338 47-49. Patra, M. , & Sharma, A. (2000). Mercury toxicity in plant. The Botanical Review 66(3) 379-422. Peralta, J. R. , Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. , Tiemann, K. J. , Gomez, E. , Arteaga, S. , Rascon, E. & Parsons, J.G. (2000). Study of the effect of heavy metal on seed germination and plant growth on alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa) grown in solid media. carry on of the 2000 Conference on Harzardous Waste Research 135-140. 22 Ravishankar, G. A. , Suresh, B. , Giridhar, P. , Rao, S. R. and Johnson, T. S. (2003). Biotechnological studies on Capsicum for metabolite pro duction and plant improvement. In Amit Krishna, D. E. , (ed. ). Capsicum The genus Capsicum. Harwood Academic Publishers, UK, 96-128. Reichman, S. M. (2002). The Responses of Plants to Metal Toxicity A review focusing on Copper, Manganese and Zinc.Australian Minerals & Energy Environment Foundation, Victoria, Australia 1-54. Rindels, S. (1996). Successful seed germination. Horticulture and Home Pest News IC-475(2), Iowa State University. Retrived from http//www. ipm. iastate. edu/ipm/ hortnews/1996/2-9-1996/seed. html Simone, A. H. , Simone, E. H. , Eitenmiller, R. R. , Mills, N. R. , & Green, N. R. , (1997). Ascorbic acid and provitamin a contents in usually colored price peppers (Capsicum annuum L. ). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 10(4) 299-311. Siti Aishah, H. , Saberi, A. R. , Halim, R. A. , & Zaharah, A. R. (2010). Salinity effects on germination of forage sorghums.Journal of Agronomy 9(4) 169-174. Suthar, A. C. , Naik, V. R. , & Mulani, R. M. (2009). Seed and seed germination in Solanum nigrum Linn. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(2) 179-183. Thomine, S. , Wang, R. , Ward, J. M. , Crawford, N. M. , & Schroeder, J. I. (2000). Cadmium and iron transport by members of a plant metal transporter family in Arabidopsis with homology to Nramp genes. PNAS 99(9) 4991-4996. Vera, D. T. , Martin, R. P. , & Oliva, S. R. (2010). Effect of chemical and material treatment on seed germination of Erica australis. Ann. Bot. Fennici 47 353-360. Wong, J. W. C. , Lai, K. M. D. , Su.S. & Fang, M. (2001). approachability of heavy metals for Brassica chinensis grown in an acidic loamy soil amended with domestic and industrial sewage sludge. Water, Air and Soil befoulment 128339-353. Yilmaz, D. D. , & Aksoy, A. (2007). Physiological effects of different environmental conditions on the seed germination of Rumex scutatus L. (Polygonaceae). Erciyes Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 23(1-2) 24-29. 23 APPENDIX A Germination of C. annuum seeds HgCl2 (mg/l) 0 25 50 75 100 Replicate 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2 2 3 7 5 8 6 7 4 5 7 5 2 3 3 2 6 3 4 5 2 3 3 2 2 1 24 4 7 8 5 9 6 6 6 5 5 4 2 6 4 3 1 2 3 5 3 2 4 4 1 4 Period (days) 6 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 3 3 5 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 2 8 4 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 5 3 2 10 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 APPENDIX B ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square germination Between Groups indoors Groups G. I Length of radical Length of plumule Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total 12408. 834 4 3102. 208 707. 247 20 F Sig. 35. 362 13116. 081 48. 100 9. 246 57. 346 5. 203 .091 5. 294 .758 .130 .888 25 24 4 20 24 4 20 24 4 20 24 12. 025 .462 87. 726 . 000 26. 011 . 000 1. 301 286. 374 . 000 .005 .190 .007 29. 159 . 00 Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD aquiline Variable (I) treatment (J) treatment germination 0 25 50 75 100 25 0 50 75 100 50 0 25 75 100 75 0 25 50 100 100 0 25 50 75 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I-J) Std. actus reus Sig. 9. 72566 3. 76098 . 111 Lower Bound Upper Bound -1. 5286 20. 9799 3. 76098 . 000 30. 2341 52. 7426 3. 76098 . 000 34. 3137 56. 8222 3. 76098 . 000 47. 0576 69. 5661 -9. 72566 3. 76098 . 111 -20. 9799 1. 5286 41. 48839 * 45. 56795 * 58. 31190 * 31. 76273 * 3. 76098 . 000 20. 5085 43. 0170 35. 84229 * 3. 76098 . 000 24. 5880 47. 0965 48. 58623 * 3. 76098 . 000 37. 3320 59. 8405 -41. 48839 * . 76098 . 000 -52. 7426 -30. 2341 -31. 76273 * 3. 76098 . 000 -43. 0170 -20. 5085 4. 07956 3. 76098 . 812 -7. 1747 15. 3338 16. 82351 * 3. 76098 . 002 5. 5693 28. 0778 -45. 56795 * 3. 76098 . 000 -56. 8222 -34. 3137 -35. 84229 * 3. 76098 . 000 -47. 0965 -24. 5880 -4. 07956 3. 76098 . 812 -15. 3338 7. 1747 12. 74395 * 3. 76098 . 022 1. 4897 23. 9982 -58. 31190 * 3. 76098 . 000 -69. 5661 -47. 0576 -48. 58623 * 3. 76098 . 000 -59. 8405 -37. 3320 -16. 82351 * 3. 76098 . 002 -28. 0778 -5. 5693 -12. 74395 * 3. 76098 . 022 -23. 9982 -1. 4897 26 Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD 95% Confidenc e Interval Mean Difference (I-J)Dependent Variable (I) treatment (J) treatment G. I 0 25 .03500 .43003 1. 000 -1. 2518 1. 3218 50 2. 33000 * .43003 . 000 1. 0432 3. 6168 2. 25333 * .43003 . 000 .9665 3. 5401 3. 51167 * .43003 . 000 2. 2249 4. 7985 0 -. 03500 .43003 1. 000 -1. 3218 1. 2518 50 2. 29500* .43003 . 000 1. 0082 3. 5818 75 2. 21833 * .43003 . 000 .9315 3. 5051 3. 47667 * .43003 . 000 2. 1899 4. 7635 -2. 33000 * .43003 . 000 -3. 6168 -1. 0432 -2. 29500 * .43003 . 000 -3. 5818 -1. 0082 75 -. 07667 .43003 1. 000 -1. 3635 1. 2101 100 1. 18167 .43003 . 082 -. 1051 2. 4685 0 -2. 25333 * .43003 . 000 -3. 5401 -. 9665 25 -2. 21833* .43003 . 000

Communication between Men and Women

As everyone knows by now, there is a difference amidst a man and a womans outer appearance. What some people do non realize is that a man and a woman ar also different in communication techniques. Generally intercommunicate, men and women chance on into two categories when dealing with communication techniques. When men talk, it is for giving information. Deborah Tannen says this informative speaking is report-talk. Report-talk as defined by Deborah Tannen is existence speaking. Women on the other hand, utilise small talk to communicate. Small talk is a conversation which is unremarkably considered to be short and meaningless.Deborah Tannen states that this communication technique of women is rapport-talk. Rapport-talk as defined by Deborah Tannen is private speaking. This canvass will discuss the following (1) How Deborah Tannen and conjuring trick color in are similar in respect to their views on communication amidst men and women (2) how Tannen and grayness are diff erent in their views on communication between men and women (3) the effects that result from these different types of communication (4) which essay is in agreement with my personal opinion and (5) the suggestions about communication from the essay.Deborah Tannen and ass Gray are two authors who have many similarities. One coincidence is the fact that both authors nonice that men and women do speak differently. Tannen suggests that the direction that men and women communicate is something that is ingested from the early stages in life. From childhood, men learn to use talking as a style to get and nourish attention. So they are more comfortable speaking in coarse groups made up of people they know less well-in the broadest sense public speaking. From childhood, girls criticize peers who try to stand out or appear better(p) than others.People feel their closest connections at home Both authors completed men and women have different counsellings of talking. However, their vi ews on the communication techniques are different. Deborah Tannen suggests that For most men, talk is primarily a means to preserve liberty and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical hearty order. Deborah Tannen also suggest that women talk when with one or a fewer people they feel close to and comfortable with John Gray save says To fully express their feelings, women assume poetic license and use versatile superlatives and metaphors, and generalizations.work force mistakenly take these expressions literally. Because they misunderstandthey commonly react in an non-supportive manner. John Gray believes men use speech as a way of conveying facts. Women tend to look for support when they are talking, but do not ask for it they feel the request is well implied. John Gray also theorized that when a man is upset or stressed he will automatically stop talking and go to his cave to kit and boodle things out. Men are unable to express their feelings as well as women and this is why they go into a cave.Also men do not want to worry their partner. Men try to make their partner happy. Men think that their partner will be happy if they do not have to worry about the man. Women tend to believe that you can neer abandon a friend who is upset. It doesnt seem loving to abandon mortal when they are upset. Women instantly want to support men in the way they want to be supported, her intentions are good but it is counterproductive. Men verbalise love by not worrying.

Aggressive in behaviour Essay

I entrust wont this as my title for the purposes of planning. In 1998, 47% of female prisoners had dependent peasantren (Flynn, 199875). In 1999 this was estimated to be more than like 55% based on those with youngsterren xvi or under. With the female prison population enumerateing around 3,250, the number of women estimated to have young children is 1788 (Harris, 2000iv). So I determine it would be effective to try and locate around 10% of this number and ask for authority to oppugn and study their children. This figure would still mean a band of work for the researchers and there would need to be several as non all of those approached would give permission for the research to dissemble their children.As a result, I have determined that the shell methods of research will be wonders and observations. The reason I have chosen these methodologies is because they are more informal, and when work with children, it is more likely to yield results than questionnaires . Questionnaires are problematical for younger children, who whitethorn be un open to write and face to face techniques are more likely to obtain instruction questionnaires are not always alter in or returned to the researchers (Bell, 1999130).The benefits of interviewing and observation preclude the use of questionnaires, in small-arm because they allow a certain flexibility for the researcher to further investigate whatever new ideas which whitethorn become apparent (Browne, 1997406, 414). Observation is upright to the researcher because it can allow for additional details to be noteworthy which the child king be unable or unwilling to express. Interviews permission a degree of familiarity between the researcher and the subject, and in turn may present opportunity to further discuss any points which the researcher feel are relevant.In questioning children, the ethics are labyrinthine. Permission to interview the child has to be obtained, and it might be unclear from who m it should be procured. The British Psychological Society in 1996 set down a label of ethics and conduct in which it was stipulated that if the research affects somebody not able to give valid consent, i.e. a child under the age of eighteen, thusly it needs to be obtained from w alkaliver has legal authority to give it (Lindsay, 200014-15).The first pack deemed to be those with parental responsibility are the natural parents. Exceptions to this include a carer who has a resident order under the 1989 Children Act, anyone holding a acting(prenominal) emergency protection order or the local authority if the child is in care (Masson, 200037). If the produce is in prison, as is necessary for his research, obtaining information regarding their children might be a contentious point. It will involve the co-operation of the prison management in addition to the parents, children, and the childs place of education. there being only sixteen prisons in England and Wales which house female prisoners (Flynn, 199857), I feel it would be easier to gain the information from a women-only establishment as the administration may be more familiar with the inmates and mayhap will be in a position to assist the research. This would require petition the prison to identify those prisoners with children, which I believe is a detail which would perhaps already be on a database. If this is not the case, it would then involve asking the women in the prison to come forward.This would undoubtedly cause intemperateies, as they may not wish to do so, perhaps through disinterest in the research or an unwillingness to be set break-dance from the others as a result of it. Women who have been separated from their children, for whatever reason, may be emotional as a result, and therefore sensitivity is an lordly necessity. The disruption to the prison is also something which needs to be stimulaten into consideration, solelymost prisoners find it a welcome change to talk to outsiders(King , 2000303). erst women with children between the ages of two and s fifty-fiftyteen years have been identified and approached, their permission to interview their children must be obtained. Authorisation should also be secured from the individual caring for the child away from the prison, as it is actually ethically harm to ask permission for such things from the parent not currently the regular carer (Masson, 200038). I do not know the ethics on inveterate on the sole permission of the carer quite a than the mother. This is the only clear substance of getting access to the information required, as it would be too difficult to poll schools for the information. They would not be able to divulge the data on the children without parental permission anyway. If permission is not given by the mother or the carer, the child will not be contacted in any way. It might be interesting, however, to ask why the parents did not want to take part.Once permission has been gained, the next step is to decide where would be best for the child to hold the interviews. The parents may have suggestions themselves, as they may elect to have the interview conducted in their presence. This is something which will have to be taken into consideration in the conduct of the project, as it may have a bearing on the behaviour of the child. The presence of a parent, teacher or carer may influence the way the child acts, albeit perhaps indirectly, so touching their responses to the questions. It would undoubtedly be better to interview all the children under the aforesaid(prenominal) conditions, but this might not be possible so it would be advisable to be prepared to be flexible. The best place would be somewhere neutral to the child perhaps a local community of interests centre, preferably interviewing the child twice once with a parent, carer or teacher in the room, then once without them there.I believe this might interpret a variance in the childs attitude and behaviour towards the researcher and their questions, as they will have an audience to play to when someone they know well is in the room. It is essential, however, to interview the child in a setting in which they are comfortable. If the parents feel it would be best to interview at their home, then places such as the garden or even the stairs may provide a sense of security for the child (Masson, 200043). Otherwise another place to carry out an interview might be the childs school. If the child is hostile to their school-life however, this may say elements of bias into their interview compared to other children who may have been interviewed at home or at a community centre.The practicality of eliciting reliable information from a child (under eighteen years of age), is a point which quickly becomes sunless with other issues. The words of an adult may be too complex or the sentence structure poorly formed, so that a child become confused. This has been proven to be the case by several authors (Wa lker, 1994, Dockrell, Lewis & Lindsay, 2000), and includes children up to the age of eighteen. Minors, even those nearly eighteen, are not always technological in language skills, and may have difficulty understanding the show of questions or in formulating their own answers (Walker, 19944). There is a need to be sure of how a child is answering a question ensnare to them, as they could be responding to a part of a question rather than the whole question.

Tanglewood

Develop a detailed selection end for this position. In this case, you should determine what you want to measure by analyzing KSAOs from the Job description and the cultivation on organisational culture in the case, and fitting the selection measures into the plan format as shown in Exhibit 8. 2 in the book. The incumbent selection methods are the experience check, education check, Marshfield applicator Exam, and the Retail friendship Test. Do non include the current query as partitioning of the selection plan. Selection Plan Format for Managerial Position at Tanglewood Major KSAO CategoryNecessary for selection? Edc EXC MAE RKT 1 . Communication skills x 2. cognition of organizational policies and regulations 3. Decision making Judgment/skills 4. Managerial skills 6. Reasoning abilities 7. Knowledge of individualized focussing regulations 8. Knowledge of retail management policies and practices 9. Technical friendship 10. strategic abilities. talent to develop solutions t o complex engagements. Y 1 1 . readiness in interpreting and analyzing pecuniary data and performing financial operations. Y RKT = Retail Knowledge Test 3. Develop initial interview headways.Staffing go believes that a half-hour nterview will be appropriate, with more or less 3 transactions per interview question. They would like 5 behavioral interview questions and 5 government agencyal interview questions. Each interview question should have a very particularized KSAO target as shown in the example. Behavioral interrogations 1 . Tell me active a age when you had to make a decisiveness that benefitted the company, but went against your in the flesh(predicate) values. 2. Tell me roughly a time you had to go beyond your entertain z iodin and face-to-faceized limits to satisfy an unhappy node. 3.Tell me astir(predicate) a time you sure intelligence agency that an employee was violating workplace regulations. How did you live that employee and go more or less an swer the conflict? 4. Tell me about a time you offered constructive review to an employee regarding workplace responsibilities. How did you broach the subject and create an in effect(p) solution to the hassle that the employee both clearly understood and willingly complied with? 5. Tell me about a time you received a complaint about one of your employees. How did you admission the matter and bring up the subject with the employee?Situational inquires 1. Suppose you received an nameless complaint that a certain employee was sexually harassing other employees in the workplace. How would you accost the office staff? 2. Suppose an acerb client demands compensation that exceeds company indemnity (i. e a large ignore or store realisation in a situation where it is not a valid option). How would you lick the conflict and chequer client expiation? 3. An employee has been engaging in insincere and il lawful activity. While it is not felony activity, on that point can be law ful repercussions.How do you deal with this employee? Would there be healthy repercussions? 4. An employee is not decent and full meeting Job responsibilities and expectations. This employee reports to another manager in the store. Who would you confront about the issue, and how would you handle the situation? meeting your goal for sales. You are judge to increase sales dramatically in order to remain as close to your sales goal as possible. How do you go about this, and what steps would you take? 4. Develop a scaling key for individually interview question.This means you will have ten different scoring keys. Question 1 Job Title Department Manager gunpoint Description Requires applicant to volunteer a response where they struggled between person-to-person values and Job responsibilities and how they overcame this. transaction Dimensions projection identify Job duties and equality to ethical issues Knowledge well-grounded issues, duties, own(prenominal) values clevernes s decisiveness making Ability conflict solving Question Tell me about a time when you had to make a decision that benefitted the company, but went against your personal values. account fall upon 1 applicator fails to mention a specific attendant 2 applicants mentions a situation, but fails to mention a solution. 3 applicator identifies a solution and provides and accept equal solution. 4 applicant successfully identifies a significant situation and provides a solution in a focusing that exhibits their kills and abilities. Interviewer Comments Legal issues are not so much important as exhibition of skills and abilities regarding job duties and personal values. Question 2 Requires applicant to develop a time they provided excellent customer gain.Performance Dimensions Task Identify customer in need, effectively seek a solution which results in customer satisfaction. Knowledge customer service Skill Judgment Ability powerful converse inducive reasoning. Tell me about a time y ou had to go beyond your comfort zone and personal limits to satisfy an unhappy customer. mark Key applier fails to mention concepts related to customer service. 2 applicant Applicant identifies concepts related to customer service and provides a solution. 4 Applicant fulfills requirements of 3, and exhibits KSAOs.Interviewer Comments Applicant was satisfied with the question and thought it greatly contributed to the interview process. Question 3 Behavioral interview question requiring the applicant to provide a response about an employee violating workplace regulations. Performance Dimensions Task Absorb training about employee violation, confront employee in an ethical, rofessional manner. Knowledge personal management Skill Communication skills, personal management, Judgment and decision making Ability telling intercourse, reasoning, listening aptitude.Question Tell me about a time you received news that an employee was violating workplace get ahead Key 1 Applicant fails t o mention a situation. 2 Applicant mentions a situation, but fails to provide a solution. 3 Applicant provides a situation and a solution. 4. Applicant fulfills requirements listed in 3, and too exhibits expected KSAOs. Interviewer Comments Applicant felt this was a personal question. Question 4 Behavioral question asking applicant to identify a situation where they had to offer constructive criticism to an employee.Performance Dimensions Task Offer constructive criticism to an employee that is not meeting workplace standards. Knowledge personal management, effective communication skills Skill effective mentoring, reasoning, personal management Ability Effective communication Tell me about a time you offered constructive criticism to an employee regarding complied with? Scoring Key 1 Applicant fails to mention an applicable situation Applicant mentions an applicable situation, but fails to mention how they re netd the problem. 3. Applicant identifies a situation and a solution. . Applicant fulfills requirements for score 3, and exhibits KSAOs in their explanation. Method of approach is crucial, as are ethical considerations. Question 5 Behavioral question in which applicant is asked to respond to a customer complaint about an employee. Performance Dimensions Task Listen to complaint. Use decision making skills to approach employee and get an effective solution. Knowledge Personal management, legal/workplace egulations. Skill decision making, conflict resolution Ability Communication, listening aptitude, decision making.Question Tell me about a time you received a complaint about one of your employees. How did you approach the matter and bring up the subject with the employee? Scoring Key 1 Applicant fails to recollect a workplace solution to solve the conflict at hand. 2 Applicant uses limited reasoning to find a solution to the problem. Uses communication skills. 3. Applicant uses reasonable Judgment, communication skills and inductive reasoning. 4 Appl icant meets requirements of score 3, and in like manner emonstrates excellent personal management concepts.Interviewer Comments Legalities may not be necessary considerations for this question, depending on the complaint. Question 6 Situational question asking the applicant to address legal concerns and sever the conflict at hand. Performance Dimensions Task Process concerns. Talk with offending employee and cover legal repercussions. Knowledge Knowledge of law and workplace regulations Skill line of work solving, employee directing Ability Effective communication of protocol Suppose you received an anonymous complaint that a certain employee was sexually arassing other employees in the workplace.How would you handle the situation? 1 Applicant fails to mention legal concepts and how they communicate the situation with such 2 Applicant shows sufficient knowledge of legal concepts. 3 Applicant evidences sufficient knowledge of legal concepts and provides conflict resolution. 4 Applicant fulfills requirements of score 3, and also demonstrates effective application of preventative measures to ensure the conflict does not happen again. Interviewer Comments Candidate felt this was a well-worded question that addressed an important workplace issue.Candidate felt it is important for managers to be able to effectively Question 7 Situational question requiring applicant to provide an pilot film solution based on personal Judgment to effectively resolve the conflict. Product Dimension Task draw effectively with the customer. Knowledge customer service practices, company policies Skill Judgment, decision making Ability effective communication, decision making, develop original solution to conflict Suppose an irate customer demands compensation that exceeds company policy (i. a large discount or store credit in a situation where it is not a valid option). How would you resolve the conflict and ensure customer satisfaction? Scoring Key 1 Applicant fails to demonst rate customer service practices knowledge and fails to comply with company policy 2 Applicant sufficiently follows company policy, but fails to demonstrate customer service knowledge. 3 Applicant sufficiently follows company policy and customer service practices. 4 Applicant complies with company policy and demonstrates excellent customer service practices.Interviewer Comments Candidate felt this was a great question for a common situation in the retail industry. Question 8 A situational question asking view to respond to a situation with legal repercussions. Product Dimensions Task ingest in documentation and gathering of evidence against employee. Approach employee and take disciplinal action and compose an effective solution to prevent repeat offenses. Knowledge legal procedures, inductive reasoning, communication.Skill inductive reasoning, application of legal procedures, communication Ability Effective problem solving/reasoning, effective communication, personal management Q uestion An employee has been engaging in dishonest and illegal activity. While it is not felony activity, there can be legal repercussions. How do you deal with this employee? Would there be legal repercussions? Scoring Key 1 Applicant fails to mention consequences and legal ramifications. 2 Applicant demonstrates sufficient knowledge for legal repercussions, but not the relevance to the situation.Does not provide a satisfactory solution. 3 Applicant demonstrates sufficient knowledge of legal repercussions, and effectively implements them. 4 Applicant fills requirements of score 3, and also an advanced, original solution to ensure the conflict does not line up again. Interviewer Comments Candidate felt this was especially crucial to the interview process, as legal issues are Question 9 Situational question that requires employer to eliminate performance issues and demonstrate knowledge and accurate observation of employee interaction with other managers.Product Dimensions Task Com municate with appropriate individuals regarding the issue and effectively eliminate lack of production. Knowledge personal management, company policy and job requirements knowledge Skill decision making, communication, personal management Ability effective communication An employee is not correctly and fully meeting Job responsibilities and expectations. This employee reports to another manager in the store. Who would you confront about the issue, and how would you handle the situation?Scoring Key 1 Applicant shows knowledge of personal management, but fails to provide a detailed course of action. 2 Applicant demonstrates knowledge of personal management, gives an answer but does not totally resolve the conflict 3 Applicant shows knowledge of personal management, and provides a solution and successfully resolves performance issues. 4 Applicant meets requirements of score , and also thoroughly discusses preventative actions taken. Interviewer Comments Candidate felt that incident d ocumentation and repercussions were necessary.Question 10 Situational question requiring the candidate to formulate effective methods to increase sales. Product Dimensions Task Formulate effective strategies to increase sales. Knowledge sales processes. Skill able decision making. Ability Communication practices, inductive reasoning, composition of original and innovative solutions. Question Suppose you are halfway through a financial quarter and are nowhere close to steps would you take? Scoring Key Applicants plan fails to mention sales concepts and solution is not productive enough. Applicant develops a sufficient plan, but it is clear they are not confident or knowledgeable enough in this field. Again, solution is not creative enough. 3 forecasting and concepts. Solution is acceptable. 4 Applicant meets requirements of second 3, and also demonstrates a thorough understanding of sales concepts and is able to provide an effective, original solution to the problem. Interviewer Comments Perhaps in future interviews ask candidates to allow for a personal example of when they had to do something like this.

Describe the Three Different Parenting Styles and Discuss How They Might Impact on Children’s Behavior

consort to Diana Baumrind, a clinical and developmental psychologist, p arnts will practice session one of three p atomic number 18nting miens. Baumrind based these three p benting directions on four factors corrective strategies, Warmth and Nurturance, Communication styles and sojournations of maturity and control, these were identified as the four dimensions of pargonnting. I will now discuss the three parenting styles and the equals these styles have on childrens behaviour. Baumrinds three parenting styles, based on the four dimensions of parenting are magisterial, bailable and Authoritative. tyrannic parents set very strict disciplinary rules they expect their children to follow strict rules and regulations with strict boundaries. They exert their control over their children by telling them what they can and cant do, without giving them choices or options. Authoritarian parents often scold and punish their children, often in a common manner, for not following their rul es. wrangle and phrases an Authoritarian parent may affair might imply No you cant . , Beca intent I read so, thats why, Do it, do it NOW (2013) According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience and status orientated and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation (1991) Permissive parents make very few demands on their children and rarely discipline or punish them.They have low expectations of self-control and maturity and are often communicative and nurturing with their children, preferring to be more of a friend than a parent. Words and phrases a Permissive parent may use might include Its up to you. If thats what you re wholey want to do hence . The reason for wanting you to is . Well, if you dont feel corresponding it .. (2013) According to Baumrind, Permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and easygoing and do not require mature behaviour, they allow considerable self-regulation and revoke confrontation (1991) Authoritative parenting style is very much like the Authoritarian parenting style in as much as they also like to establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow, however, this style is much more cushy as these parents realise that sometimes tractability is required.When children fail to meet expectations, the parents are nurturing and forgiving. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and are willing to harken to and conclude questions asked by the child / children. Words and phrases an Authoritative parent may use might includeThis is my view.. but what are your thoughts? , Sorry, but I thought we agreed (2013) Baumrind suggests that these parents monitor and impart clear standards for their childrens conduct.They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are stayive sooner than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as cordially responsible and self-regulated as well as co-oper ative (1991) Behaviour can be both good and bad, of the three parenting styles, the Authoritarian is the most ineffective as children will be obedient, but disrespectful, angry, mistrustful, defiant, withdrawn and rebellious (as they grow up) callable to the strict rules and regulations set by the parents.Permissive parenting is deemed a very listless style of parenting due to the lack of rules and boundaries, although impacts can be both cast out and positive, children of permissive parents tend to be irresponsible, impulsive, immature, insecure, demanding, self-centred and will show a poor performance academically, but positive impacts are better social skills and belief in themselves.The Authoritative style has to be the best style of parenting as they exercise a balanced control over their children by setting clear standards, rules and guidelines with non-punitive punishment, whilst encouraging them to be independent individuals, they will listen to what the child has to say and is open to negotiation leading to happy, socially effective children who are independent and full of self-esteem.It is not only parenting styles that impact on childrens behaviour other factors in a childs life can also affect behaviour, i. e. negative or traumatic family incidents like bereavement, illness, abuse, cultural and religious beliefs, bullying and peer pressure to gain but a few, for example Thomas found it hard to arrange to sharing his parents with Rowanna when she was first born causing his behaviour to change dramatically. (Open University 2013, pg32)To conclude, I have shown that parenting styles vary considerably, have contrary impacts on children and behaviour and all have negative and positive effects and that it is not just parenting styles that impact on childrens behaviour, as children raised in dramatically contrastive environments can later grow up to have remarkably like personalities and also children who share a home and are raised in the same m anner, can grow up to have dramatically different personalities.But of the three parenting styles, the one deemed to be the best style of parenting is the Authoritative parenting style, as it is a well balanced style with warmth, support and acceptance. There is control over children but without being controlling. There are firm rules and guidelines set in place, but there is room for flexibility when needed leading to happy, socially competent, independent, confident high achieving children.

Graffiti and vandalism acts in our community Essay

Introduction graffito and hooliganism argon a study blight on communities. Vandalism cornerstonenister lead to important run, much(prenominal) as public telephones, being damaged so that they acceptt work, or removed, for prototype jitney shelters, to protect from promote harm. Vandalism freighter make the environment untidy, and graffito bum be offensive. All of these things put up to an air of decline, and peck lead to populate fearing crime more than.Acts of vandalism fecal matter include breaking windows, smashing up payphones, and graffito. Many incidents of vandalism and graffiti atomic number 18 non reported. This is often because it is against private property and the victims do not consider it serious enough to tell the police force, or think that the police wont be able to do anything ab push through it, or happen upon the culprit. Sometimes, the peck who declare the property (for example, the gas board) are ground a long way away, and never see th e damage to speak up around it.Vandalism and graffiti are a criminal crime under the Criminal Damage Act 1971. The penalty for vandalism and graffiti is a maximum fine of 500 and/ or 3 months in prison if the value of damage is less(prenominal) than 000. The hook can as well as make a compensation order. Possessing equipment with intent to cause damage is too an offence, and, if intent can be proven to the court, spray paint would be included as much(prenominal) equipment.Types of graffiti in that respect are many an(prenominal) different types of graffitiTagging this is perhaps the most frequent type of graffiti. pile eat their own signs, or notes, which identify them. These are put in as many places as possible to show that the writer has been thither, to soft touch out their territory.Pieces are the larger pictures, more traditionally associated with graffiti. These can have virtually artistic merit in the correct context.Glass etch sometimes also called Dutch graff iti. This is where raft scratch into glass, for example on a bus or train, with a sharp execute like a stone or bottle top.Writing slogans these are often just sprayed onto large walls, and are often inclinationed to be offensive. They whitethorn be racist, discriminatory or homophobic. Other slogans may be political.Who vandalises or graffitis?Young heap are associated with a great many incidents of vandalism and graffiti. The scribbling of names and more simple tags are known to beget by from children and young passel. Many use felt-tips, or separate commonly gettable materials.Other stack are also involved telephone boxes may be vandalised by people trying to get money out of them political activists may write their slogans on blank walls or unoriginal artists may use graffiti in their art.Why do people do it?Here are some of the reasons why people graffitiOffenders gain pleasure from finishing a piece of graffiti without getting caught and then afterwards from the permanence of their work. The hassle grows as other vandals conform to and what started as a single tag ends up as a wall covered in graffiti.Young peoples forwardness to mark their territory. This can take on a more smutty form when gangs use it to stake out a claim to an field of view or to intimidate the local community and potential rivals.It can be because people see nothing better to do, or they want to be daring.Peer pressure can lead to people, especially younger people, doing things they would not normally do. This is made worse by the use of graffiti in youth culture, for example in advertising and music.Spaces are built with scant(p) consideration for design, so that large blank walls become enormous canvases.Problems caused by vandalism and graffitiThe problems of vandalism and graffiti go much further than the obvious costs of repairs and cleaning. It causes fear of crime and a sense of insecurity. There is evidence that peoples fear of crime is influenced by the ir economic crisis of public spaces which are dingy and run down because of vandalism, litter and graffiti. Graffiti can make people feel threatened and vulnerable, particularly if it is racist, sexist or homophobic.The Broken Windows Theory, developed in America, suggests that if a confounded window is not repaired, other windows will soon be low-toned in response to the message that no one cares. It is argued that more wiped out(p) windows or greater vandalism will influence the way people perceive crime in the area and will assume that other crime is also on the increase.What can I do close to it?Investment to tackle graffiti and vandalism has to be long-term. If it is cut plump for when the problem starts to improve, the problem will come back.What can we do about vandalism?As with graffiti, repairing the damage as soon as it is make can deter vandals from causing further damage.When the vandalism is to property, securing empty phratrys with metallic element screens over the doors and windows can be effective, but this does advertise the fact that the house is empty and can encourage vandals. It also adds to theair of disrepair in an area, and makes people feel less safe.Video recordings of incidents can be used to natty parents and can be used as evidence in court.What can we do about graffiti?Research shows that the vanquish way to do it with graffiti and stop it coming back is to clear it up immediately. However, there are a great many websites for displaying photos of graffiti so the perpetrators may not be that worried about their graffiti being removed, as they get recognition this way. Cleaning up graffiti is something your community could get involved in. Tenants and residents groups often have volunteer graffiti squads. If yours doesnt, why not suggest it at the next meeting?Some councils offer giving paint to people who want to paint over graffiti in their vicinity. You could suggest your council does this.Another idea is providing a legal site where people are allowed to graffiti. There are mixed views on such graffiti walls or zones. There is some evidence that they bring their own problems, as graffiti tends to spread out to surrounding walls. Also, it is unlikely to stop users doing wicked graffiti elsewhere. Young people are attracted to legal graffiti zones because they dont have to rush and dont have to invariably be afraid of being caught. They have time to produce a good piece of work. However, most young people prefer to tag whereas the owners of the wall or site usually prefer pictures. Another problem is young people graffiti-ing on their way to or from the legal graffiti site. One final cause got round this by providing all the paint on site.Innovative designs of walls, with more windows or unusual materials may help, as it reduces the gist of blank canvas available. Even better is to have railings instead of walls where possible, as this not only limits the possibility of graffiti, but also in creases natural surveillance, devising people feel safer.Where large walls are inevitable, for example around an industrial site, using murals to decorate the walls may stop people putting their own pictures there. If public art is not a possibility, using vegetation, for example ivies and creepers, can help with stopping people graffiti. It also makes the area look more attractive.Other ways to limit graffiti and vandalism in your neighbourhood includeEducating young people about the impact which graffiti and vandalism have on the wider community (e.g. making people feel unsafe, be millions of pounds a year to fix and clean up) Young people are often unaware of the cost of cleaning up graffiti or repairing criminal damage. They need to know that it is unacceptable and is taken seriously.Helping find other things for young people to do link to yp sectionWhat can schools and youth services do?Schools or youth groups can adopt badly vandalised areas, such as subways or playgrounds, keeping them clean and well looked-after. These schemes work best where young people can get involved in the design or creation of the area themselves, for example by creating a mural or planting trees.The same approach has been used successfully by targeting groups of young people who are thought to be responsible for some of the damage. Detached youth workers can make contact with the young people and establish what they would like to do instead. A practical construction project often appeals. There are many examples of successful projects where young people have taken pride in what they have created and ensured that it stays vandal-free.What can others do to help?Agencies owning buildings or utilities which are prone to vandalism can assess the location and design of these to see if vandalism can be reduced.Measures might includeDemolishing unused buildings, or finding a temporary use for them (such as a youth centre).Relocating services, e.g. phone boxes and bus stops, so that t hey are closer to other facilities where they may be less prone to vandalism.Better damage-reporting procedures and quicker repair.Target-hardening, e.g. better lighting, toughened glass, graffiti-resistant paint.Authorising graffiti in some areas, e.g. graffiti walls.Probation service community service schemes may be able to help with repairs and graffiti removal. Under the Crime & Disorder Act, the court can require offenders to repair damage done by expansive a Reparation Order.

Black & Decker Case

1)Why is Makita outselling smuggled & Decker 8 to 1 in an account which gives them equal shelf space? Trade is intercommunicate for advertising allowances and rebate money on products, profitability in the Tradesmen component is near zero. The B&D brand in the Tradesmen section may be regarded as weak due to the fact that B&D dominated the consumer segment. The heavy do-it-yourselfers may throw off a misconception on the graphic symbol/reliability/durability of B&D professional line. These individuals make a living from using these tools and simply cannot risk the aforementioned features. )Why ar Black & Deckers appropriates of the two professional segments Industrial and Tradesmen so different? Wouldnt you expect them to be similar? Tradesmen segment is ripening faster than the industrial segment. B&D did not initially capture or dominate the tradesmen segment, hence the share differential. Decision influencers in the industrial segment viewed B&D as a high-quality brand . Similarly, the consumer segment regarded B&D as a self- excuseed brand which helped B&D attain the 1 position in the grocery storeplace. This did not spill over to the tradesmen segment, which needs more differentiation. Strong influencers in outlets such as Home Depot educate the consumer to stay off from B&D. 3)What, if anything, do you learn from Black & Deckers consumer research? B&D uses very similar branding strategies for their tradesmen and consumer segments. Brand perception is the main(prenominal) issue with B&D strategy for capturing a larger market share. Durability/Quality issues are not substantiated. Blind tests of B&D products in the tradesmen segment reveal that B&D products are comparable with(predicate) to other major(ip) competitors products. In some instances, B&D products are elected as leaders in their product categories. )Joe Gallis purpose is to groom and gain corporate support for a viable program to altercate Makita for leadership in the Tradesm en category (p. 1). To gain support, the minimal share objective would have to be nearly 20% within three years, with major share take away from Makita. How realistic is this? This is realistic due to the fact that thither are a number of negative perceptions of Makitas products including arrogant & magisterial. The problem is that no single brand dominates all the product categories in the tradesmen segment.This means that product selection may be circumstantial and for the roughly part influenced by tradesmen in-store influencers etc. Currently, B has 9% market share, meaning that it would have to take 11% market share from Makita who has 50% market share. Makita has the most to lose in this industry segment. Since, B is financial strong and is not making much money in the tradesmen segment, the financial risk would be limited. 5)If you think Galli should trail a build share strategy, what actions do you recommend? Does the DeWalt idea have any merit?How about the subbrandin g pickaxe? Gallie should pursue a build share strategy save only beneath a different brand. Choosing a different brand name such as DeWalt that already has positive resonance in the tradesmen segment would not only disassociate the current perception of B within that segment, but could help reduce B risk of embarrassment in the other two segments in case the DeWalt brand fails. The sub branding option still carries the B brand with it. At this point in clip the tradesmen segment is not a new & emerging market, but a well developed growing market.Sub-branding at best could help sustain some product categories, but not the overall brand as a whole. The yellow color choice would help the DeWalt brand very stick out from the competition. Currently, the most exotic color in the tradesmen segment is teal Makitas color. The yellow color choice would less potential backfire since yellow is a familiar job site color associated with safety. 6)Be specific about what you would do and rem ember you have at least three audiences to please the consumer (the Tradesman), the retailer, as well as Nolan Archibald and Gary DiCamillo. Consumer oIntroduce DeWalt brand with yellow coloring oOffer rebates and incentives Retailer oIntroduce DeWalt with limited supply to generate pull oPromote demonstrations of products that license superiority oMaintain existing B line as a bench mark for DeWalts success oSlowly phase out B and replace with DeWalt oOffer peck discounts to large retailers such as Lowes and Home Depot, since this channel is the fastest growing one Bosses oPresent above and maintain sub-branding exit strategy

Biology: Book and Lab Coat Essay

Guidelines for Biology Experiments 1. 0 Attendance 1. 1 Attendance to practical sessions is COMPULSORY. 1. 2 If you cannot come to the anatomy due to sick-abed health or emergency excuses, please inform the lecturer EARLIER, so that another practical session can be arranged for you ON THE SAME WEEK. 2. 0 Lab coat 2. 1 Wearing science laboratory coat is COMPULSORY. 2. 2 Put on the lab coat end-to-end the class. 3. 0 Jotter 3. 1 Jotters should contain the summary on the PROCEDURES you atomic number 18 departure to perform during the experiment. 3. 2 It can be in the form of ill-considered notes, flow charts, mind maps, draws or any other forms of summary. 3.3 Jotter should overly include observation whenever necessary. 3. 4 Complete jotters moldiness be submitted in groups prior to the experiment. The lecturer will check, mark and return them before the class ends. 4. 0 Recording observations/results 4. 1 All observation should be through with(p) on blank A4 piece of music 4 . 2 Drawings (a) Use blank A4 paper (b) Limit to only TWO diagrams on each page. (c) Each diagram should be enclosed by a border. (d) As for scientific drawings, e. g. diagrams of cells, tissues or organelles, there shouldnt be any discontinuous lines, overlapped lines and shades. (e) For each diagram, it must(prenominal) have a. patronage of the diagram, if specimens name write garbage down the common name and/or scientific name b. Magnification violence (if using compound or dissecting microscope) c. Labels (minimum 3 labels) 1 4. 3 numerical data (a) Record numerical data in the particular tables. 4. 4 Graphs (a) Use the graph paper to plot any graphs. (b) For each graph, it must have a. statute title of the graph b. Title of Y- axis and X-axis c. Label (if necessary) 5. 0 Report 5. 1 Front entomb (a) The standard front cover will be given to students by the respective lecturer. (b) Make accepted that all particulars on the cover are completed before submitting the repor t.5. 2 coiffe and evaluation (a) The particulars should be in the pursuance order Title (as in manual book) Objective (as in manual book) Observation/ military issue (draw in blank A4 paper succeeding(a) the format given) Discussion/ plays/Questions termination (at least 2 conclusions) References (at least 3 references following the format given) (b) The mark will be awarded (only if the experiment is conducted, i. e. the student is present during the particular experiment) in the following areas Criteria Manipulative skill Observation/Result Discussion/Exercise/Questions Conclusion Reference Marks 25% 40% 20% 10% 5%.5. 3 Submission of report (a) Reports of an experiment should be submitted at least THREE (3) DAYS later the experiment is completed. (b) Marks for reports submitted after the date line will be deducted. 2 HOW TO WRITE A REFERENCE FORMAT 1. Authors Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are eight or more authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipses ( ) and then the final author. If no author is identified, the title of the enumeration begins the reference.2. Year of Publication In parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use n. d. in parentheses following the authors. 3. Source Reference Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). print titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers. REFERENCE BOOK Format Author. (Year of Publication). Book Title (periodical). (Page referred). Place. Publisher Eg Campbell, N. A.& Reece, J. B. (2007). Biology (8th ed. ). (pp. 80-94) Pearson, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. JOURNAL Format Author. (Year of Publication). Title of journal. Name of journal. (volume) page referred. Eg Keller, Margaret A. & E. Richard Stiehm (2000). Passive Immunity in barroom and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (4) 602614. INTERNET Format Author. (Year of Publication). Website title. Website address. Eg Wikipedia. (2012). eucaryote. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eukaryote 3.

Human resouce management Essay

1. To brook that the supervisors claims ar true, who will you contact? What skepticisms will you consume? What precautions should you take to assure that your investigation is confidential and legally defensible?To body forth that the supervisors claims are true, I would contact data touch on to look at the sales data. I would want a exhibit of Jeanettes sales, and also the department sales for comparison. I would also pray this from the supervisor. I would instruct both the DP department and the Sales animal trainer to stay my request confidential. However, it would be movementable to digest data so there is nothing wrong with checking data.2. polish up the documentation available link up to this case. Is there enough documentation in place based on discipline policy and your experience as an HR jitney? Explain. in that location is enough documentation based on the discipline policy to ward off the employee. According to Exhibit 12.3.5 an employee will be given a literal admonition, which is signed by supervisor (12.3.3.). Next a written exemplar will be documented, signed by supervisor (12.3.2). I am guessing the dates are October of prior year for exhibit 12.3.3. It is followed by declination to June of the next year. In Exhibit 12.3.4 follows the procedure of a written warning to be documented and copied to the HR manager. The next step, however, is suspension. The employee should be suspended. The sales manager is correct, it will not help most likely, but that is the club policy.3. suck that the barrier is warranted. Managers typically hold termination meetings at The Daily Review but it is not unheard of for the HR department to conduct this meeting. disposed(p) the available information, who should conduct the meeting? What steps will you take to rail the manager and/or yourself for this meeting? Prepare an docket for the termination meeting. Nevertheless, assume the termination is warranted it would be wise for the sales ma nager to handle the termination in the presence of an HR representative. I would go through the accurate process with the sales manager of possible scenarios. In addition, I would assure that he would call Jeanette in, inform her of his decision to terminate her based on her lack of sales and bankruptcy to schedule training previously petitioned.The agenda would inquire to call Jeanette in the office. Tell her she is being terminated for unsuccessful person to perform her job and to attend training. Hand Jeanette her last check, walk her to her desk to astonish her belongings and assist her out the door. Terminations should be handled quickly and professionally. I would advice Paul, the sales manager, not to add any editorial comments regarding her performance but keep to the bare minimum on the facts. This termination should not come as a surprise to Jeanette. She and the rest of the department are aware that she is not making sales. It is time for a change, while the process s hould be professional, without feeling and discussion.4. The Daily Register has some guidelines for severance packages, benefits, and outplacement services, but they are actually informal and typically decided upon on a case-by-case basis. In this situation, what would you recommend for Jeanette? I would not offer Jeanette any severance package, benefits, or outplacement services. Jeanette was warned she was not completing her job. She has already cost the company money for failure to perform her duties. Discussion Question 6I know, this unit_6 is talking somewhat to build relationship, but some times is necessary to fire people. The question here is on how to terminate employees for cause, typically for disciplinary footings or for execrable performance. How do I fire people legally and humanely? trine Legal Reasons for Terminating an Employee1. The first legal creator that an employer can use to confirm the termination of an employee is if the employee violated a known compa ny rule. For such reason to be upheld in a courtyard of law, the employer will need to substantiate that (1) the rule actually exists (2) the employee knew that it existed (3) the rule was violated (4) other employees were terminated for the corresponding infraction and (5) the termination was reasonable punishment for the infraction.2. The second legal reason to terminate an employee is if they are not able to perform their job sufficiently. I order to defend this reason for termination in a court of law the employer must be capable to establish that the employee was incompetent to do their tasks. For instance, the employer took reasonable steps to try and improve the employees performance by addressing the issues in several instances before terminating the employee. Documented inference is crucial in a scenario like this to prove that the employers perplex in this kind of situation is correct and legitimate.3. The final legal reason for terminating an employee is if it is in the best economic interest of the company in question. For example, the company is downsizing its workforce for economic reasons. Layoffs are common reasons for terminations in firms that are downsizing or restructuring. Courtesy should be held high in a layoff situation, giving employees who are involved in a layoff need to be given at least 60 days notice. This civility or remark is required by the Worker Adjustment and Retraining bill Act (WARN). http//www.aftermarket.org/Magazine/InsiderArchives/Toolbox/Termination.pdf http//www.doleta.gov/programs/factsht/warn.htmView as multi-pages